篇一：2011诺贝尔经济学奖获奖演说英文
Award Ceremony Speech
Presentation Speech by Professor Per Krusell, Member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Chairman of the E(本文来自：wwW.xIaocAofanwEn.coM 小草 范文 网:诺贝尔经济学奖英文书籍)conomics Sciences Prize Committee, 10 December 2011
Your Majesties, Your Royal Highnesses, Laureates, Ladies and Gentlemen,
Our national economies are continuously exposed to changes in the world around us. Fluctuations in the economic activity of other countries
influence foreign demand for our products; variations in the prices of raw materials influence our production costs; technical innovations change the mix of goods and services demanded. Evaluating alternative responses to these sorts of inevitable economic disturbances is a central task for policymakers. How much, for example, would a particular increase in interest rates or decrease in income taxes affect the nation’s inflation and employment? And how long before those effects would be realised?
Macroeconomic questions like these are hard to answer, because they are fundamentally social science questions. Unlike natural scientists, economists cannot look for answers by conducting controlled
experiments, at least not on whole economies. We must work instead with the data provided by history. In addition, economies do not behave like mechanical, natural science systems. Nature obeys its laws independently of what governments decide, but economies do not,
because economies consist of thinking people. Thinking people are also influenced by expectations about the future. For this reason, economies
are also influenced by expectations of future policy decisions not yet made. This makes the co-variations observed in historical data hard to interpret. Does a particular historical change in an interest rate explain the subsequent change in the inflation rate? Or is the causality the reverse: did the expected path of inflation generate the interest rate change? In general, how can we distinguish between cause and effect in a macroeconomy?
Thomas Sargent and Christopher Sims have provided powerful tools that can be used with the data to answer that question. They have developed methods that let us precisely distinguish the effect of economic policy changes from the effect of other changes in the economic environment. Their work has illuminated the effects of monetary and fiscal policy not just for researchers but also for central bankers and finance ministers everywhere.
Christopher Sims has focused on the effects of unexpected changes in economic policy. Using a particular form of time series analysis,
so-called vector autoregression, he has shown how we can understand the dynamic response of the economy to an impulse like a temporary policy change. Such impulse-response analysis allows us to track how, for example, an unexpected lowering of the interest rate, engineered by a central bank, can affect inflation and employment over time. Based on
this contribution, we now know that a lower interest rate implies an immediate, gradual increase in production and employment, with a
maximal effect after about two years. But it implies no immediate effect on inflation at all. In fact, inflation only starts to slowly increase roughly a year and a half after the interest rate drop, after which it recedes. What we have learned about this process is critical for central bankers considering alternative changes in interest rates.
Thomas Sargent's research has allowed us to understand the effects of more permanent changes in economic policy, such as a switch to new government budget rules. This kind of analysis requires a different approach because the historical data offer few examples of systematic policy changes. Indeed, some policy changes being considered may never have been used before. Sargent's approach to such analysis relies on
certain aspects of the behaviour in the economy being rather constant - at least, not changing when policy changes. Examples of such constant
behaviours are how people trade off leisure and work and how firms trade off different kinds of production inputs. Sargent showed how statistical methods could be used to measure these "universal economic constants" in the historical data and how a mathematical model of the economy could be built around them. With such a model, economists and policymakers can now conduct artificial laboratory experiments and investigate the effects of systematic macroeconomic policy changes.
Dear Professors Sargent and Sims:
You have successfully confronted a fundamental challenge facing empirical macroeconomic research: to disentangle cause and effect in historical data. The methods you have developed are now central tools for economic researchers trying to understand how our economies work and how they react to temporary and permanent changes in the economic environment. Because your methods allow us to use historical data to identify the causal effects of changes in economic policy, they have also become indispensable tools for policymakers worldwide. Modern empirical macroeconomic analysis rests on your shoulders.
It is an honour and a privilege to convey to you, on behalf of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, our warmest congratulations. I now ask you to receive your Prize from his Majesty the King.
篇二：《诺贝尔经济学奖获得者丛书》
理性与自由
作者：阿马蒂亚·森
以自由看待发展
作者：阿马蒂亚·森
正义的理念
作者：阿马蒂亚·森
身份与暴力
作者：阿马蒂亚·森
克鲁格曼经济学原理
作者：保罗·克鲁格曼
罗宾·韦尔斯等
国际经济学：理论与政策(第八版)(上、下册)
作者：保罗·克鲁格曼等
空间经济学
——城市、区域与国际贸易
作者：藤田昌久保罗·克鲁格曼等
微观动机与宏观行为
作者：托马斯·C·谢林
金融学（第二版）
作者：兹维·博迪、罗伯特·C·默顿等
共同合作
——集体行为、公共资源与实践中的多元方法
作者：艾米·R·波蒂特、马可·A·詹森、埃莉诺·奥斯特罗姆 行为经济学及其应用
作者：彼得·戴蒙德、汉努·瓦蒂艾宁
金融、研究、教育与增长
作者：路易吉·帕加内托、埃德蒙德·菲尔普斯
博弈论经典
作者：哈罗德·W·库恩
理解经济变迁过程
作者：道格拉斯·诺思
交易费用政治学
作者：道格拉斯·诺思等
三万亿美元的战争
——伊拉克战争的真实成本
作者：约瑟夫·E·斯蒂格利茨
私有化：成功与失败
作者：约瑟夫·E·斯蒂格利茨
热拉尔·罗兰等
公共部门经济学（第三版）
作者：约瑟夫·E·斯蒂格利茨等
经济学（第四版）上下册
作者：约瑟夫·E·斯蒂格利茨等
东亚奇迹的反思
作者：约瑟夫·E·斯蒂格利茨等 连续时间金融（修订版） 作者：罗伯特·C·默顿
经济学中的实验室实验
——六种观点
作者：阿尔文·E·罗思
养老金改革反思
作者：弗兰科·莫迪利亚尼
经济学中的经验建模——设定与评价 作者：克莱夫·W·J·格兰杰
不确定状况下的判断：启发式和偏差 作者：丹尼尔·卡尼曼等 经济周期模型
作者：小罗伯特·E·卢卡斯 通向富有的屏障
作者：斯蒂芬·L·帕伦
爱德华·C·普雷斯科特
福利、政府激励与税收
作者：詹姆斯·A·莫里斯
篇三：2010诺贝尔经济学奖颁奖词英文
Award Ceremony Speech
Presentation Speech by Professor Bertil Holmlund, Member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Chairman of the Economics Sciences Prize Committee, 10 December 2010
Your Majesties, Your Royal Highnesses, Laureates, Ladies and Gentlemen,
In the economic sciences there is a classic view of the market as a place where a large number of buyers and sellers meet and can trade with each other. They find each other without cost and have full information about the prices of all goods and services. Prices are determined in such a way that supply will equal demand. In this equilibrium, both buyers and sellers are "satisfied", in the sense that they can carry out the transactions they are looking for.
But many markets do not work this smoothly. It often requires time and effort for a buyer and a
seller to establish contact and reach agreement on the terms of a transaction. In the labour market, suchsearch frictions result in the simultaneous occurrence of unemployment and job vacancies. It takes time for job seekers to find work, and firms can typically not fill their vacancies immediately. Peter Diamond, Dale Mortensen and Christopher Pissarides have developed a theory of markets with search frictions. This theory is relevant in many markets. For example, it applies to the housing market, where many households are searching for new homes at the same time as a large number of houses and flats are being offered for sale. Search theory can also be used to study how spatial frictions and transport costs affect residential patterns and business location decisions, and even how matching takes place in the marriage market. However, the most important application is in the labour market.
The Laureates have shown that price and wage formation in a search market may sometimes lead to outcomes that are radically different from what we would expect from conventional theory. They have also shown that resource utilisation in a search market is generally not socially efficient, since there are indirect effects that individual agents do not take into account. If one unemployed person increases her own search activity, it will become more difficult for other job seekers to find
employment. At the same time, it will be easier for a recruiting firm to fill its vacancies. Since these indirect effects are not taken into account by individual agents, there is generally scope for government intervention aimed at achieving welfare improvements.
The Laureates’ model of the labour market characterises the search activity of the unemployed, the recruiting behaviour of firms and wage formation. The model can be used to study how the level and duration of unemployment, the number of job vacancies and the real wage are determined. For example, what role is played by the design of unemployment insurance, the efficiency of employment agencies and regulations on firing and hiring?
The effects of unemployment insurance have been extensively studied. The theory implies that more generous benefits bring about longer search time for the unemployed and higher
unemployment ? a relationship that has received support in many empirical studies. However,
unemployment insurance can also facilitate efficient matching between job seekers and vacancies, so that the "right person" ends up in the "right place".
But questions about how unemployment insurance should be designed can of course not be
answered without also weighing in the fact that this insurance provides income protection to those who have been laid off. Search theory has also proved to be a highly useful tool for such welfare analyses of alternative designs of unemployment insurance.
Dear Professors Diamond, Mortensen and Pissarides.
Your research on markets with search frictions has had a profound impact on how economists view markets in general and labour markets in particular. You have provided detailed models of how prices and quantities are determined in markets with frictions and how frictions affect
unemployment and other labour market phenomena. Your models have become indispensable tools for policy analysis and your work has initiated a large empirical literature.
It is an honour and a privilege to convey to you, on behalf of the Royal Swedish Academy of
Sciences, our warmest congratulations. I now ask you to receive your Prize from the hands of His Majesty the King.