篇一：芝加哥论文格式,第15版
Chicago Manual of Style 15th Edition
《芝加哥格式手册》（The Chicago Manual of Style，CMS）是一个适用于美国英语的格式指南。该手册受到高度重视，主要用于解决格式、原稿预备，以及少数惯用法的问题（注意：在出版界的术语中，格式是指标点符号、斜体、粗体、大写、表格等等，而不是指如散文、抒情文的格式）。
出版商和编辑在遇到文本所表述的问题时，通常会将该手册列为最终的标准。
该手册由芝加哥大学出版社（University of Chicago Press）发行。第一版的名称是《格式手册》（A Manual of Style），1906年由芝加哥大学出版社发行；至2005年为止共编辑了十五版。
Please note that these resources follow the 15th edition of the Chicago Manual of Style. The 16th edition of the manual was issued in September 2010, and we are working on updating our resources to reflect the changes. Thank you in advance for your patience.
Introduction
The Chicago Manual of Style (CMS) covers a variety of topics from manuscript preparation and publication to grammar, usage, and documentation. The material in this resource focuses primarily on the two CMS documentation styles: the Notes-Bibliography System (NB), which is used by those in literature, history, and the arts, and the Author-Date System, which is preferred in the sciences.
In addition to consulting the The Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, for more information, students may also find it useful to consult Kate L. Turabian's Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertati(本文来自：WWW.xiaocaoFanwEn.cOM 小草范文网:芝加哥论文格式)ons, 7th edition,. This manual, which presents what is commonly known as the "Turabian" citation style, follows the two CMS patterns of documentation but offers slight modifications suited to student texts.
Notes and Bibliography in Chicago Style
The Chicago NB system is often used in the humanities and provides writers with a system for referencing their sources through footnote or endnote citation in their writing and through bibliography pages. NB system is most commonly used in the discipline of History.
The proper use of the NB system can protect writers from accusations of plagiarism, which is the intentional or accidental un-credited use of source material created by others. Most
importantly, properly using the NB system builds credibility by demonstrating accountability to source material.
If you are asked to use Chicago NB format, be sure to consult The Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, and/or A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations, 7th edition. Both are available in most writing centers and reference libraries and widely available
in bookstores. See the Additional Resources section for a list of helpful books and sites about using Chicago Style.
Introduction to Notes
In the Chicago Notes-Bibliography (NB) system, you should include a note (endnote or footnote) each time you use a source, whether through a direct quote or through a
paraphrase. Footnotes will be added at the end of the page on which the source is referenced, and endnotes will be compiled at the end of each chapter or at the end of the entire document.
In either case, a superscript number corresponding to a note with the bibliographic
information for that source should be placed in the text, following the end of the sentence in which the source is referenced.
The first note for each source should include all relevant information about the source. If you cite the same source again, the note need only include the surname of the author, the title (or a shortened form of the title) and page number(s) cited.
If you cite the same source and page number(s) from a single source two or more times consecutively, the corresponding note should use the word ‘Ibid.,’ an abbreviated form of the Latin ‘ibidem,’ which means ‘in the same place.’ If you use the same source but a different page number, the corresponding note should use ‘Ibid.’ followed by a comma and the new page number(s).
In the Chicago NB system, the footnote or endnote begins with the appropriate number followed by a period and then a space. In Turabian style, the footnote or endnote begins with a superscript number.
Introduction to Bibliographies
In the Notes-Bibliography System, the bibliography provides an alphabetical list of all sources used in a given work. This page, most often titled Bibliography, is usually placed at the end of the work, preceding the index. It should include all sources cited within the work and may sometimes include other relevant sources that were not cited but provide further reading. Although bibliographic entries for various sources may be formatted differently, all included sources (books, articles, websites, etc.) are arranged alphabetically by author’s last name. If no author or editor is listed, the title or keyword may be used instead.
Common Elements:
All entries in the bibliography will include the author (or editor, compiler, translator), title, and date of publication.
Author’s Names:
The author’s name is inverted in the bibliography, placing the last name first and separating the last name and first name with a comma, for example, John Smith becomes Smith, John. (If an author is not listed first, this applies to compilers, translators, etc.)
Titles:
Titles of books and journals are italicized. Titles of articles, chapters, poems, etc. are placed in quotation marks.
Publication Information:
The year of publication is listed after the publisher or journal name.
Punctuation:
In a bibliography, all major elements are separated by periods.
For more information and specific examples see the sections on Books and Periodicals.
Please note that this OWL resource provides information regarding the formatting of entries used in the bibliography. For more information about Selected Bibliographies, Annotated Bibliographies, and Bibliographic Essays, please consult Chapter 16 of The Chicago Manual of Style.
篇二：论文格式
Chicago该格式由芝加哥大学出版社( University of Chicago Press) 制定, 可用于人文科学类和自然科学类论文, 其基本格式为: 正文中按引用先后顺序连续编排序号, 在该页底以脚注( Footnotes ) 或在文末以尾注( Endnotes ) 形式注明出处, 或在文末单列参考文献项, 以Bibliography 为标题。
芝加哥引注格式在美国比在英国的应用更多，标准是《芝加哥引注格式使用指南》（The Chicago Manual of Style），但是也有很多用户把凯特?杜拉宾（Kate Turabian）为学生编写的《学期、学位、学术论文写作指南》（A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses and Dissertations）作为参考。所以，芝加哥引注格式也称为杜拉宾引注格式。芝加哥引注格式主要用脚注形式引注，但是也可以用作者姓名的文中引注格式。
文中引注
与姓名-日期名字-日期（哈佛）格式和APA格式一样，芝加哥格式可以在文本中做引注，在括号中写出作者或组织者的姓氏全程或缩写，加上年份，如果需要的话，还可以加上页码，比如:
(Goman 1989, 59) ，或者 (Fairbairn and Fairbairn 2001) ，或者 (MHRA 2004).
如果一个文献有一到三个作者，在引注中依次写出他们的姓氏。如果有4个或者多于4个作者，写出第一个作者的名字然后写‘et al.’代替其他作者的名字，比如：(Brown et al. 2009). 文后参考文献
在论文最后制作一个标题为“参考文献”的书单，把所有的文献条目按照字母表顺序排列。这样，上面说到的三个文献例子，按照顺序可以排列为：
? Fairbairn, Gavin and Susan Fairbairn. 2001. Reading at university: A guide for students. Maidenhead: Open University Press.
文后参考文献的格式要求：
?使用作者的全名。第一作者先写姓再写名；从第二作者开始，先写名再写姓。（见上面Fairbairn的例子）
?写完作者名字后，写出版年份，但是出版年份不要加括号。
?书名用斜体字
?在文后参考文献条目中需要写出所有作者的名字，不管有多少位作者。
?文后参考文献条目超出一行的，第二行开始不用首字母缩进，顶格写。
?如果引用的是书，书名的第一个单词的首字母和所有专有名词的首字母要大写，副标题的第一个单词首字母要大写。
MLA是Modern Language Association的缩写，是美国现代语言协会制定的论文指导格式，同时也是美国英文论文写作最常用的一种参考文献格式。相比APA，CMS等格式来说，MLA论文格式更加严谨，更加常用，以下是小编搜集整理的具体的MLA格式写作介绍，欢迎阅读查看。
留学生们在使用MLA格式的时候要注意，MLA与其他一般论文的格式有很大的差别，具体如下：
- MLA格式要使用双倍行距 - MLA格式每个段落首行需要缩进一个“Tab”的长度 - MLA格式段落与段落之间不留空行 - MLA格式需要在论文每一页的右上角标注Last Name和页码，如“Amy 3” MLA格式的论文的基本结构为： - 前4行左对齐，依次为：学生姓名，任课老师姓名，课程号，写作日期 - 第5行居中书写论文名 - 第6行开始为正文(包括多个段落，即引言Introduction，主体Body，结论Conclusion)- 最后附上参考文献
如果大家在正文中想要使用子标题的话需要注意：①子标题要使用跟正文的字体风格不同的表现方法(比如使用另一种字体或者子标题全部大写、斜体);②子标题前需要留一行空格的距离;③子标题之后的第一段要顶格书写，不要留空
注意：Conclusion段的写作也要按照子标题的书写方法来写，也就是Conclusion标题前需要留空一行，之后的第一段照样也需要顶格书写。但是前面的Introduction部分却不需要各行留空标注出来，请留学生们不要混淆。
Conclusion之后就是参考文献部分，记参考部分要另起一页哦。在参考文献页第一行居中书写“Works Cited”，再附上具体的引用条目，注意一定要按首字母排序。
上面说完了MLA的论文格式，那么接下来说说MLA引用格式的写作细节，参考文献分为两种，一种是In-Text Reference(这种主要在文中);另一还总是Reference List(这种需要在文末)。让我们先来看看文中的引用格式具体介绍：
①MLA的文内引用和Harvard文献格式及APA文献格式都有很大不同，MLA使用的是“作者姓+页码”的组合，eg：
- Human beings have been described as "symbol-using animals" (Burke 3).
②如果引用作者人数过多(这里介绍三个或者三个以上的情况)，MLA格式就需要使用“et al.”的缩略写法：
引用作者未超过三人不用省略的具体案例： The authors state "Tighter gun control in the United States erodes Second Amendment rights" (Smith, Yang,and Moore 76).
引用作者超过三人需要省略的具体案例： - Legal experts counter Smith, Yang, and Moore's argument by noting that the current spike in gun violence in America compels law makers to adjust gun laws (Jones et al. 8).
③如果引用同一个作者的不同文献的时候，则在文内引用中需要加上文献的名称：- 同一作者的两篇文章的案例：Lightenor has argued that computers are not useful tools for small children ("Too Soon" 38), though he has acknowledged elsewhere that early exposure to computer games does lead to better small motor skill development in a child's second and third year ("Hand-Eye Development" 17).
- 同一作者的两本书的案例：Murray states that writing is "a process" that "varies with our thinking style" (Write to Learn 6). Additionally, Murray argues that the purpose of writing is to "carry ideas and information from the mind of one person into the mind of another" (A Writer Teaches Writing 3).
- 如果作者名没有出现在句子中，写作案例如下：Visual studies, because it is such a new discipline, may be "too easy" (Elkins, "Visual Studies" 63
APA格式是一个为广泛接受的研究论文撰写格式，特别针对社会科学领域的研究，规范学术文献的引用和参考文献的撰写方法，以及表格、图表、注脚和附录的编排方式。APA格式因采用哈佛大学文章引用的格式而广为人知，其“作者和日期”的引用方式和“括号内引用法”相当著名。
正式来说，APA格式指的就是美国心理学会（AmericanPsychologicalAssociation）出版的《美国心理协会刊物准则》，目已出版至第五版、总页数超过400页，而此协会是在美国具有权威性的心理学学者组织。APA格式起源于1929年，当时只有7页，被刊登在《心理学期刊（Psychological Bulletin）》。
另一种相当有名的论文格式为MLA格式（The MLA Style Manual），主要被应用在人文学科，如文学、比较文学、文学批评和文化研究等。
格式编辑
虽然有些作者对于APA格式其中的一些规范感到不妥，但APA格式仍备受推崇。期刊采用同一种格式能够让读者有效率的浏览和搜集文献资料，写作时感到不确定的学者们发现这样的格式手册非常有帮助。譬如，手册中的“非歧视语言”章节明文禁止作者针对女性和弱势团体使用歧视的文字，不过使用APA格式的学术期刊有时也会为了让文章更有条理而允许作者忽略此规定。
APA格式要求：
每一段的开头应当按一下键盘上的Tab键再开始写而不是直接空格Indent（首行缩进） 双倍行间距 Double Space
字体要求Times New Roman
字体大小要求11-12号（教授的不同要求）
需要有页眉第一页的页眉要有Running head：（你的文章标题的简版，要求全部大写）还有页码在页眉的最右边，而第二页的页眉内容不需要Running head，只需要你的文章标题的简版+大写
纸张的边距要求1英寸（2.54cm）
需要Title Page，上面要有文章名，作者名（你的），指导老师，科目，学校，日期，甚至于班级（这条按照不同的教授稍有不同的要求）
标题编辑
根据APA格式，标题是用来组织文章，使得其有层次架构。APA格式规定了文章内“标题”的特定格式（1到5级），此详细内容可参阅《美国心理协会刊物手册》第五版的第113页，级数和格式如下：
第1级：居中大小写标题（Centered Uppercase and Lowercase Heading）
第2级：居中、斜体、大小写标题（Centered, Italicized, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading） 第3级：左对齐、斜体、大小写页边标题（Flush Left, Italicized, Uppercase and Lowercase Side Heading）
第4级：缩进、斜体、小写的段落标题、以句号结尾（Indented, italicized, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period）
第5级：居中的大写标题（CENTERED UPPERCASE HEADING）
根据APA格式，若文章标题有：
1个级数：使用第1级标题
2个级数：使用第1和第3级标题
3个级数：使用第1、第3、和第4级标题
4个级数：使用第1、第2、第3、和第4级标题
5个级数：使用第5、第1、第2、第3、和第4级标题
（按：2个级数以上以大标题→小标题方式使用）
注意：
并无六级以上的标题规定。 APA格式不允许“数字”和“单一字母”出现在标题之首。 文献引用编辑
文献引用是在一篇文章的段落或文字之中“参考来源”的标注。APA格式使用哈佛大学文章引用格式，通常来说，一个引用包含了作者名和发表日期，以括号夹注（有时会再加上页数），放在引用文字或句子之后。
详细的引用或参考资料则放在位于文章最后的“参考文献”或“Works Cited”部分。APA格式明确的定义“参考文献”只放入文章内容引用的来源，所以有些文章才会有“参考文献（Reference）”和“Bibliography”的分别。（Bibliography另外包含了作者背景知识的来源，不一定是直接被引用的文献。）
单一作者
格式应为“（作者姓氏（非首字母），发表年份）”。若作者姓名在文章中已被提及，只需标出年份就好（若需要可加上页数），仍需使用括号。多位作者以上同理。
A recent study found a possible genetic cause of alcoholism (Pauling, 2005). Pauling (2005) discovered a possible genetic cause of alcoholism.
两位作者
作者姓氏必须以他们的名字在其发表文章内的顺序来排序。若两个作者都在括号内引用，名字中间需加上“&”符号；若不在括号内则使用“and”。
A recent study found a possible genetic cause of alcoholism (Pauling & Liu, 2005). Pauling and Liu (2005) discovered a possible genetic cause of alcoholism.
3至5位作者
第一次引用时需列举全部的作者，往后若引用相同的文献，只需举出最主要的作者，再加上“et al.”。但是，在参考文献部分，全部作者的姓名皆须列举出来。
A recent study found a possible genetic cause of alcoholism (Pauling, Liu, &Guo, 2005). Pauling, Liu, and Guo (2005) conducted a study that discovered a possible genetic cause of alcoholism. Pauling et al. (2005) discovered a possible genetic cause of alcoholism. A recent study found a possible genetic cause of alcoholism (Pauling et al., 2005).
6位作者以上
举出第一位作者即可，格式应为“（作者 et al.，年份）”。在参考文献部分，全部作者的姓名皆须列举出来。
Pauling et al. (2005) discovered a possible genetic cause of alcoholism.
多篇文献，同一作者
若一作者有多篇你想引用的文献，只需用逗号来区隔作品的发表年份（最早到最晚依序排列）。若多篇文献在同一年内发表，请在年份后面加上a、b、c??等标注。（按：abc的使用需与参考文献部分有所对应，而这些文献的编排以标题名称的字母来决定。）
A recent study found a possible genetic cause of alcoholism (Pauling, 2004, 2005a, 2005b). Pauling (2004, 2005a, 2005b) conducted a study that discovered a possible genetic cause of alcoholism
多篇文献，多位作者
根据上一个的规则，并且使用分号隔开。排序先依照作者姓氏的字母，接着是发表年份。
A recent study found a possible genetic cause of alcoholism (Alford, 1995; Pauling, 2004, 2005; Sirkis, 2003)
直接引述
格式与前述无不同，一样为“（作者，年份，页数）”。
When asked why his behavior had changed so dramatically, Max simply said "I think it's the reinforcement" (Pauling, 2004, p. 69).
参考文献清单编辑
APA格式规定“参考文献”部分的人名必须以名的字母顺序来排列，包括姓氏的前缀。譬如，James Smith应被改成“Smith,J.,”；Saif Al Falasi则改成“Al-Falasi, Saif.”。（阿拉伯文名字通常在姓氏和前缀之间加上连字号“?”，所以姓氏和前缀自成一体。）
纸本文献
单一作者著作的书籍：
Sheril, R. D. (1956). The terrifying future: Contemplating color television. San Diego: Halstead. 两位作者以上合著的书籍：
Smith, J., & Peter, Q. (1992). Hairball: An intensive peek behind the surface of an enigma. Hamilton, ON: McMaster University Press.
文集中的文章：
Mcdonalds, A. (1993). Practical methods for the apprehension and sustained containment of supernatural entities. In G. L. Yeager (Ed.), Paranormal and occult studies: Case studies in application (pp. 42–64). London: OtherWorld Books.
期刊中的文章（非连续页码）：
Crackton, P. (1987). The Loonie: God's long-awaited gift to colourful pocket change? Canadian Change, 64(7), 34–37.
期刊中的文章（连续页码）：
Rottweiler, F. T., &Beauchemin, J. L. (1987). Detroit and Narnia: Two foes on the brink of destruction. Canadian/American Studies Journal, 54, 66–146.
月刊杂志中的文章：
Hey, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in today's schools. Time, 135, 28-31. 报纸中的文章：
Wrong, M. (2005, August 17). Misquotes are "Problematastic" says Mayor. Toronto Sol. p. 4. 政府官方文献：
Revenue Canada. (2001). Advanced gouging: Manual for employees (MP 65–347/1124). Ottawa: Minister of Immigration and Revenue.
线上文献
针对电子文献、网站和线上文章，APA格式的网站上有订定一些基本的规则，第一就是提供读者详细的文献内容来源，第二为提供其有效的参考来源。
网络文章的打印版本
Marlowe, P., Spade, S., & Chan, C. (2001). Detective work and the benefits of colour versus black and white [Electronic version]。Journal of Pointless Research, 11,123–124.
电子期刊的文章（只有网络版的期刊）
Blofeld, E. S. (1994, March 1). Expressing oneself through Persian cats and modern architecture.Felines& Felons, 4,Article 0046g. Retrieved October 3, 1999, from 网页地址 电子短信（newsletter）的文章
篇三：APA,哈佛, MLA、温哥华和芝加哥和Turabian论文格式引用指导和对比
APA Harvard , MLA , Vancouver and Chicago and Turabian citing style citing guidance and comparison
APA，哈佛,MLA、温哥华和芝加哥和Turabian论文格式的引用指导和对比
Prepared by 李连发
Date: January 17, 2016
Content list (目录)
Chapter one definition and application of APA Harvard , MLA , Vancouver and Chicago and
Turabian citing style .......................................................................................................................... 3
第一章APA，哈佛,MLA、温哥华和芝加哥和Turabian论文格式的定义和应用 .................... 3 Chapter two citing guidance and example APA Harvard , MLA , Vancouver and Chicago and
Turabian citing style .......................................................................................................................... 4
第二章APA，哈佛,MLA、温哥华和芝加哥和Turabian论文格式的引用指导和范例 ............ 4
2.1 MLA CITING STYLE ........................................................................................................ 4
2.1.1 MLA CITING STYLE books ................................................................................... 4
2.1.2 MLA CITING STYLE-- Magazine .......................................................................... 4
2.1.3 MLA CITING STYLE --Journal Article. ................................................................. 5
2.1.4 MLA CITING STYLE. Website with author. .......................................................... 5
2.2 APA CITING STYLE.......................................................................................................... 6
2.2.1 APA CITING STYLE –book .................................................................................... 6
APA CITING STYLE –book in a database ....................................................................... 6
2.2.2 APA CITING STYLE-- magazine ............................................................................ 7
APA CITING STYLE --magazine article online ............................................................... 7
2.2.3 APA CITING STYLE -Journal article ...................................................................... 7
APA CITING STYLE -Journal article online ................................................................... 7
2.2.3 APA CITING STYLE –website with an author ....................................................... 8
2.3 Vancouer CITING STYLE .................................................................................................. 8
2.3.1 Vancouver CITING STYLE --books ........................................................................ 8
2.3.2 Vancouver CITING STYLE --Journal Article. ......................................................... 9
2.3.3 Vancouver CITING STYLE ---Website. ................................................................ 10
2.4 CHICAGO / Turabian CITING STYLE ........................................................................... 10
2.4.1 CHICAGO / Turabian citing style --books ............................................................ 10
2.4.2 CHICAGO / Turabian citing style -- Magazine ..................................................... 10
2.4.3 CHICAGO / Turabian citing style --Journal Article. ............................................. 11
2.4.4 CHICAGO / Turabian citing style ---Website. ....................................................... 11 Chapter three Comparison between APA Harvard , MLA , Vancouver and Chicago and Turabian
citing style ....................................................................................................................................... 12
第三章APA，哈佛,MLA、温哥华和芝加哥和Turabian论文格式的对比 .............................. 12
3.1 citation of books ................................................................................................................ 12
3.2 citation of journals ............................................................................................................ 12
3.3 citation of Website ............................................................................................................. 13
Chapter one definition and application of APA Harvard , MLA , Vancouver and Chicago and Turabian citing style
第一章APA，哈佛,MLA、温哥华和芝加哥和Turabian论文格式的定义和应用
APA citing style.
APA格式
APA citing style refers to the rules and conventions for source used in academic paper which is established by the American Psychological Association . Its documenting sources are author/date based style. This means emphasis is placed on the author and the date of a piece of work to uniquely identify it.
APA格式是美国心理协会制定的学术论文参考文献的规则和约定。其参考文献格式基于作者和日期。这意味着强调作品的作者和日期来作为一件作品的唯一标识。
Harvard citing style.
哈佛格式
Harvard citing style is very similar to APA citing style. APA citing style is mainly used in the USA whereas Harvard is generally used in the UK and Australia, especially in the humanities.
哈佛格式跟APA格式是非常相似。APA格式主要用于美国而哈佛格式一般用于英国和澳大利亚,尤其应用于人文学科。
MLA citing style.
MLA格式
MLA citing style is often used by the arts and humanities, especially in the USA. It is the most well used among all of the citation styles.
MLA(美国现代语言协会)通常应用于艺术和人文学科,特别用于美国。它是所有文献格式中最常用的一种格式。
Vancouver citing style.
温哥华格式
Vancouver citing style is mainly used in medical and scientific papers.
温哥华格式主要用于医疗和科学论文
Chicago and Turabian citing style.
Chicago and Turabian citing styles are very similar, just like Harvard and APA CITING STYLE, Chicago citing style is used in USA while Turabian citing style is used in the UK and Australia. Both of them are widely used for economics and