篇一：宾语从句,直接引语和间接引语
宾语从句
1.宾语从句的概念： 在复合句中,充当宾语的是个句子，或者说句子作宾语。
2.位置： 动宾，介宾
3.句子结构：主句 +连词（引导词）+ 宾语从句
宾语从句的引导词：
一、当宾语从句是陈述句时（包括肯定句和否定句），连词由that引导，因为that在从句中不作任何成分，也没有任何具体意思，因此在口语或非正式文体中常省略 。
例：1.Lin Tao feels (that) his own team is even better.
2.Jim thought (that) the train was like a big moving party.
二、在主句为动词be加某些形容词，如sorry, sure, afraid, glad??作表语时（be+a.看作是一个动词词组），后面所跟从句也是宾语从句。
例：1.I’m sorry (that) I don’t know .
2.We’re sure (that) our team will win . 注：that 在句中无词汇意义，在从句中不能充当成分，在口语当中往往省略。
三、当宾语从句是一般疑问句时，由连词whether或if引导（口语中常用if），if/whether虽然 不作成分，但是译为：“是否”，所以不能省略。
例：1.Lily wanted to know （if /whether） her grandma liked the handbag .
2.Let’s see （if /whether） we can find out some information about that city . 注：1.当句中有or 或者or not时，引导词只能用whether而不能用if.
2.在介词后面,引导词只能用whether而不能用if.
3.在动词不定式前,引导词只能用whether而不能用if.
四、当宾语从句是特殊疑问句时，由连接代词（what, who, whom, which, whose）或连接副词（when, where, why， how, how many, how old, how long,……, ）引导，每个连接词在从句中都担任一定的句子成分，意思各不相同，所以不可以省略。
例：1.Do you know what he said just now ?
2.I don’t remember when we arrived .
3.Please tell me who (whom) we have to see .
4. Do you know what time the plane leaves ?
五、 带how的词组也都可以引导宾语从句。
例：1.Could you tell us how long the meeting will last ?
2.I don’t know how far it is to the cinema .
宾语从句的时态
一、如果主句是现在或将来的某个时态 ，从句的时态可根据实际情况而定。
二、如果主句是过去的某个时态，那么从句的时态一定要用过去的某种时态（包括一般过去
时，过去进行时，过去将来时， 过去完成时??）
例：1.I knew who lived here.
2.I saw she was talking with her mother.
三、当从句是客观真理，定义，公理，定理时用一般现在时。
例：The teacher said that the earth travels around the sun .宾语从句的语序
宾语从句的语序用陈述语序：连接词+主语+谓语+其他成分
对比，加深印象：
1. When will he go to the library? His brother asks when he will go to the library .（√） His brother asks when will he go to the library . （×）
2. What does he want to buy ?
I don’t know what he wants to buy .（√）
I don’t know what does he want to buy . （×）
注意事项：1．could / would是委婉语气，而不是过去式，因此宾语从句的
时态根据实际情况用不同时态。 2. 如果主句的谓语动词是ask时，连词不可
能是that；如果主句的谓语动词是say时，连词一定用that。 3. 如果从句中
含有or或or not时，只能用whether而不用if 。
直接引语与间接引语
1.直接引语： 直接引用别人的原话.直接引语的前后必须加引号。
2.间接引语： 间接转述别人的话。间接引语前后不加引号。（间接引语构成宾语
从句 ）
直接引语变间接引语可分为四大类：
一、直接引语为陈述句
二、直接引语为一般疑问句
三、直接引语为特殊疑问句
四、直接引语为祈使句
直接引语是陈述句
直接引语如果是陈述句，变为间接引语时，用连词that引导，that在口语中常省
略。主句的谓语动词可直接用引语中的say, 也可用tell来代替，注意，可以说
say that, tell sb. that，但不可直接说tell that 。
例：He often says,“China is great.”→ He often says (that) China is great.
直接引语是一般疑问句：
间接引语用连词whether或if引导，原主句中谓语动词say要改为ask ，语序一
定变为陈述语序 。
例：1.He said, “Do you have any difficulty with pronunciation?”
2.He asked (me) whether/if I had any difficulty with my pronunciation.注意：大多数情况下，if ,whether 可以互换，但句中出现or (not),或放在介词后作连接词，只用whether。
直接引语是特殊疑问句：
原来的疑问词作为间接引语的连词，主句的谓语动词用ask(sb. )来表达。 语序一定改为陈述句语序 。
例：1.He said to me，“What's your name?”
2.He asked me what my name was.
直接引语是祈使句，用：tell/order/ask/warn? sb. to do sth.
祈使句的否定形式，用：tell/order/ask/warn? sb. not to do sth. 例：1.He said, “Please come here tomorrow.”
2.He asked me to go there the next day.
直接引语变间接引语：人称根据语境变化
例：1.He said,“ My brother failed in the exam.”
He said _his___brother had failed in the exam.
2.He said to Mary,“ How is your mother now?”
He asked Mary how _her____mother was then.
3.My teacher said, ‘‘ she is a good student. ’’
My teacher said _she___was a good student.
时态的变化
1.如果主句的谓语动词是现在时，直接引语变成间接引语时，从句的时态无需变化。
2.如果主句的谓语动词是一般过去时，直接引语变成间接引语时，从句的时态要做出相应的改变，如下所示：
一般现在时 一般过去时
一般过去时 过去完成时
一般将来时 过去将来时
现在进行时 过去进行时
过去进行时 过去完成进行时
将来进行时 过去将来进行时
现在完成时 过去完成时
过去完成时 过去完成时
将来完成时 过去将来完成时
现在完成进行时过去完成进行时
过去完成进行时过去完成进行时
将来完成进行时过去将来完成进行时
例：1.“ I am ill today.” said my mother. My mother said that shewas ill that day.
注意：直接引语转为间接引语时，下列情况下时态不变：１. 直接引语若表示的是客观事实或真理时，变间接引语时时态不变．２. 当引语中的时间状语表
示过去某一具体时间时，谓语动词时态不需改变．
直接引语中的时间状语转换规则：
1. 直接引语中的指示代词转换规则:this变为that; these变为those.本来就是that/those则不变。
2. 直接引语中动词come在间接引语中用go.
3. 直接引语中副词here在间接引语中用there.
总结：
篇二：宾语从句、直接引语简介引语
初中英语分类练习
——宾语从句
复习目标：1、掌握引导宾语从句的各种连词
2、掌握宾语从句的语序——主句+连接词+主语+谓语
3、掌握宾语从句，主句与从句在时态上的呼应。
重点：语序和时态呼应
难点：语序和时态呼应；疑问词+不定式的转化；状语从句的辨析
一、 宾语从句的连接词：
1、 连词that，只起连接作用，在从句中不作句子成分，也无词汇意义，在口语中常被省略。
eg. He knew (that) he should work hard.
2、 连词if 、whether，它们起连接作用，在从句中不作句子成分，作“是否”解，在口语中多用if。
eg. Tom don?t know if/whether his grandpa liked the present.
He asked me whether or not I was coming.
一般情况下，if 和whether可以互换，但以下3种情况只能用whether：
①在不定式前：Whether to go there or not hasn?t been decided.
②在介词前：It depends on(依靠) whether it is going to rain.
③与or not连用：They are talking about whether to go there or not.
3、 连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which，连接副词when, where, why, how， 它们起连接作用，作句子成分，各有自己的意义。
eg. The teacher asked the new students which class he was in.
I wonder where he got so much money.
【注意】1、由连接代、副词引导的宾语从句可以和“疑问词+不定式”结构转化。 eg. I don?t know how I should do with the presents. ? I don?t know how to do with the presents.
2、要注意区分判断由if、when引导的从句类型.
二、 宾语从句的语序：
宾语从句的语序是陈述语序，即“连接词+主语+谓语+其它成分”。特别强调：它的主语和谓语的语序是陈述语序，而不是疑问句的倒装结构。
Can you tell me who(m) do we have to see?(╳)
Can you tell me who(m) we have to see?( √) 思考: what在从句中的成分)
陈述句变为宾语从句时,要注意人称和时态的变化,语序不变。 eg. She said, “I will leave a message on the desk.” ? She said she would leave a message on the desk.
一般疑问句和特殊疑问句变为宾语从句时,也要注意人称和时态的变化,后面接陈述语序。Eg. “Where are the tickets?” I asked him. ? I asked him where the tickets are.
三、 宾语从句的时态呼应：
宾语从句中谓语动词的时态，常常受到主句谓语时态的制约，此为时态呼应。如果主句谓语是一般现在时或将来时，从句谓语的时态不受限制；如果主句谓语的时态是一般过去时，从句一般要随着改为相应的过去时态（一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时、过去完成时）。
eg. I thought (that) you are free today. (╳)
√)
【注意】当宾语从句叙述的是客观真理时，不管主句谓语的时态如何，从句都用一般现在时。 四、 其他需要说明的问题：
1、 标点由主句决定，如主句是陈述句、祈使句，则用句号；是疑问句则用问号。 eg. I heard she had been to the Great Wall. Can you tell me which bus I should take?
2、 要注意个别句子中主从句人称的一致。
五、 宾语从句和状语从句的区分： 2) I don?句1中if引导的是状语从句。这个从句表示“条件”，修饰主句。整个句子的意思是如果明天天气好，我就出去。句2中if引导的是宾语从句，充当谓语动词don?t know的宾语。整个句子的意思是我不知道火车是否到达。
判断方法：
1、 可以从整个句式看。状语从句一般可以放在主句的前面或后面（个别除外），宾语从句
只能放在主句谓语动词之后。
2、 从引导词看。if充当宾语从句的连接词时，相当于whether， 词义为“是否”，充当状语
从句的连接词时，词义为“如果”。when充当宾语从句的连接词时，意为“什么时候”，充当状语从句的连接词时，意为“当??的时候”。
3、 从时态看。if和when作连接词时，引导宾语从句要注意：从句的谓语动词的时态应根
据主句的时态作相应的变化。if和when充当从属连词时，引导条件和时间状语从句，若主句的谓语动词用一般将来时，则从句的时态应用一般现在时表示将来。
实战演练
一、例题选讲
例1 I don?t know ________ he will come or not.
A． how
C． weather
答案： B
提示： 在宾语从句中出现了or not，这里只能用whether。
第二题答案为B，根据题意问他们何时回来，所以要用when。
例2 Can you tell me ________they will come back?
A． where
C． which
答案： B
提示： 根据题意问他们何时回来，所以要用when。
例3
Have you seen the doctor? He asked me. （两句并一句） 答案： He asked me if / whether I had seen a doctor B． when D． who B． whether D． when
提示： 是一般疑问句，连接词应为if / whether
例4 How can we get to the science museum? Could you tell us?（两句并一句）
答案： Could you tell me how we can get to the science museum?
提示： 特殊疑问句，连接词就是它本身的特殊疑问词how，将情态动词can放在
主语me之后，时态运用取决于主句。主句could you tell me是委婉语气，
是一般现在时，所以从句是什么时态就用什么时态。
直接引语变间接引语
一、如何变人称：
直接引语变间接引语时，如果从句中的主语是第一人称或被第一人称所修饰。从句中的人称要按照主句中主语的人称变化如：
She said. "My brother wants to go with me. "→She said her brother wanted to go with her.
“直接引语变间接引语时，若从句中的主语及宾语是第二人称。或被第二人你所修饰。从句中的人称要跟引号外的主句的宾语一致。如果引号外的主句没有宾语。也可以用第一人称，如：
He said to Kate. "How is your sister now?"→He asked Kate how her sister was then。
“直接引语变间接引语时。如果从句中的主语及宾语是第三人称或被第三人称所修饰从句中的人称一般不需要变化如：
Mr Smith said。 "Jack is a good worker。"→Mr Smith said Jack was a good worker。
二、如何变时态：
直接引语在改为间接引语时、时态需要做相应的调整。如果主句谓语动词为现在范畴的时态或一般将来时，则间接引语中的动词仍保持直接引语原来时态。如果主句谓语动词为过去时，间接引语中的动词时态按下列变化：
（1） 一般现在时变为一般过去时
（2） 现在进行时变为过去进行时
（3） 一般将来时变为过去将来时
（4） 现在完成时变为过去完成时
（5） 一般过去时变为过去完成时
（6） 过去完成时不变，仍为过去完成时
要注意在以下几种情况：
（1） 如果直接引语是表示客观真理时，变为间接引语，一般现在时不改为一般过去时。如： The teacher said "The earth goes round the sun."
→The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.
（2）直接引语中有具体的过去某年、某月、某日作状语，变为间接引语时，时态不变。如： He said to me, "I was born in 1973."
→He told me that he was born in 1973.
(3)如果直接引语所述事实在当时和目前同样生效，变为间接宾语时，一般现在时不改为一般过去时。如：
He said, "I'm a boy, not a girl."
→He said that he is a boy ,not a girl.
(4) 直接引语如果是一般现在时。表示一种反复出现或习惯性的动作，变间接引语时，时态不变。如：
The girl said, "I get up at six every morning."
→The girl said that she gets up at six every morning.
(5)如果直接引语中含有since, when, while 引导的表示过去时间的状语从句，在变为间接引语时，只改变主句中的谓语动词，从句的一般过去时则不变。如：
He said to me, "I have taught English since he came here ."
→He told me that he had taught English since he came here.
(6)如果直接引语中含有情态动词 must, need, had better以及情态动词的过去式could, might, should, would,在变为间接引语时，这些情态动词没有时态的改变。例如：
The teacher said to me . "You must pay more attention to your pronunciation."
→The teacher told me that I must (have to ) pay more attention to my pronunciation.
He said , "I could swim when I was only six ."
→He said that he could swim when he was only six.
(7) 直接引语是过去进行时，时态不变。如：
Jack said. "John, where were you going when I met you in the street?"→Jack asked John where he was going when he met him in the street。
三、如何变状语：
直接引语变间接引语，状语变化有其内在规津，时间状语由“现在”改为“原来”（例：now变为then, yesterday。变为 the day before）地点状语，尤其表示方向性的，或用指示代词修饰的状语，由“此”改为“彼”（例：this 改为that),如：
He said, "These books are mine." →He said those books were his.
四．如何变句型：
①直接引语如果是陈述句，间接引语应改为由that引导的宾语从句。如：She said, "Our bus will arrive in five minutes."→She said that their bus would arrive in five minutes.
②直接引语如果是反意疑问句，选择疑问句或一般疑问句，间接引语应改为由whether或if引导的宾语从句.如：He said, "Can you swim, John?" →He asked John if he could swim. "You have finished the homework, haven?t you?" my mother asked. →My mother asked me whether I had finished the homework.
"Do you go to school by bus or by bike?" →He asked me if I went to school by bus or by bike. ③直接引语如果是特殊问句，间接引语应该改为由疑问代词或疑问副词引导的宾语从句（宾语从句必须用陈述句语序）。
She asked me, "When do they have their dinner?"→ She asked me when they had their dinner. ④直接引语如果是祈使句，间接引语应改为"tell(ask, order, beg等) sb (not) to do sth."句型。如：
"Don?t make any noise," she said to the children. →She told (ordered) the children not to make any noise. "Bring me a cu
He said, "Let?s go to the film." →He suggested going to the film.或He suggested that they should go to see the film.
篇三：直接引语和宾语从句
直接引语和间接引语
直接引语 直接引用别人的原话叫做直接引语，直接引语通常置于引号内（“引用原话”）。
—“What is it all about?”
—“究竟是什么事呢？”
—“Nothing serious, just a storm in a teacup.”
—“没有什么，大惊小怪而已。”
间接引语 用自己的话转述别人的意思，或引用自己说过的话，
都叫做间接引语。间接引语多数用宾语从句来表达。
Mary said that she received a sugar report this morning.
玛莉说她今天早上收到了一封情书。
He said that his hands were quite full at that moment.
他说那时他忙得不可开交。
直接引语间接引语的区别
直接引语：直接引述别人的话（句子中有“”）。
间接引语：用自己的话转述别人的话，叫“间接引语”（句子中一般无“”）
二．直接引语变间接引语
A.一般不表示请求或祈使的句子改为一个宾语从句
1.连词
若直接引语引号里的内容是陈述句，那么改为间接时，要用连词 that (可以省略) ……………….一般疑问句，…….，要用连词 if/whether (不可以省略)
……………….特殊疑问句，…….，要用连词 wh- 即特殊疑问词本身（不可省）
2.变化
（1）主句动词的变化
一般说来，主句谓语动词常为said或said to，变为间接引语时，当直接引语是陈述句时，said不变。当直接引语是一般疑问句和特殊疑问句时，则要把said或said to变为asked / asked sb.
（2）从句人称的变化
由直接引语变间接引语时，从句的主语人称要遵循一主、二宾、三不变的原则。①直接引语的主语是第一人称变为间接引语时要和主句的主语保持一致。②如果直接引语的主语是第二人称变为间接引语时要与主句的宾语保持一致。③如果直接引语的主语是第三人称变为间接引语时，人称不变。例如：
①They said, “We will go there by bus.” →They said they would go there by bus. ②She said to me, “Are you interested in science?” →She asked me if I was interested in science.
③His mother said to me, “He can't go to school.” →His mother told me that he couldn't go to school.
（3）、从句动词时态的变化
a. 如果主句的时态是一般过去时，从句的时态则应是与主句时态相应的过去时
态。①一般现在时→一般过去时；②一般过去时→过去完成时；③现在进行时→过去进行时；④现在完成时→过去完成时；⑤过去完成时→过去完成时（不变）；⑥一般将来时→过去将来时。例如：
The girl said, “I'm sorry for being late for class.” →The girl said that she was sorry for being late for class.
b. 直接引语变为间接引语时，如果主句中的谓语动词是一般现在时或一般将来时，则间接引语从句的时态保持不变。例如：
He says, “I have finished my homework.” →He says that he has finished his homework.
She will say, “I'll do it tomorrow.” →She will say that she'll do it the next day.
c. 直接引语如果是客观事实或真理，变为间接引语时，从句时态不变。例如： The teacher said, “The earth moves around the sun.” →The teacher said that the earth moves around the sun.
（4）、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语和动词的变化
直接引语变为间接引语时，指示代词的变化为this→that， these→those等；时间状语的变化为now→then， today→that day， yesterday→the day before, tomorrow→the next day等；地点状语的变化为here→there；动词的变化为come→go（go 不要变come）。例如：
1. She said, “I will come this evening.” →She said that she would go that evening.
2. He said, “My sister was here three days ago, but she is not here now.” →He said that his sister had been there three days before, but she was not there then.
B.表示请求或祈使的句子改为句型tell/ask/order sb (not) to do sth
当直接引语引号里的内容表示要求时用tell sb (not) to do sth
当直接引语引号里的内容表示请求时用ask sb (not) to do sth
当直接引语引号里的内容表示强制要求时用order sb (not) to do sth
宾语从句的点点滴滴
宾语从句是英语复合句中的其中非常重要的从句之一。它是用一个句子做另一个句子的宾语，将这个句子叫做宾语从句。宾语从句做介词或及物动词的宾语。现在从下列三个方面总结归纳如下：
一，引导词
A,由that 引导的陈述句性的宾语从句，在很多动词如say, think, wish , hope, see, believe, agree, expect, hear , feel等动词后。连词that只起连接作用，在从句中不做句子的成分，也无词汇意义，在口语中常被省略，但在大多数情况下还是以不省为好，特别是在笔语中。
例：I told him that he was wrong.
l在think,believe, suppose, expect等动词引起的宾语从句中，有时谓语尽管是否定意义，却不用否定形式，而将think 等动词变为否定形式。
例：I don’t think you are right. (我认为你做的不对)
l在许多带有复合宾语的句子中，that引导的宾语从句经常移到句子的后面，而用it做形式宾语。
例：We think it wrong that he told a lie to everyone (我认为他向每一个人撒谎是错误的)
B,由连词if、 whether 引导的表示“是否…”的宾语从句。Whether,if 在从句中不做句子的成分，一般情况下，whether和if 可以替换。
例：I don’t know if/whether he will come tomorrow.
The teacher asked if/whether we had finished the experiment.
l在介词后面的宾语从句中不用if引导
例：Everything depends on whether we have enough money。
l宾语从句中有or not时不用if引导.
例：I don’t know whether the movie star will come or not.
l和不定式连用作宾语时不用if引导.
例：Whether to go there or not hasn’t been decided.
C,由wh-引导的宾语从句。连接代词who,whom,whose, what, which,和连接副词when, where, why, how 等连接的宾语从句，它们在句中即有连接从句的作用，又在句中充当句子的成分。
例：Do you know which film they are talking about? (which做定语)I don’t know where he lives. (where 做地点状语)
二，宾语从句的语序，
宾语从句从句的语序必须是陈述语序，既连接词+主语+谓语+其他成分例：I believe that they will come soon.
He asked me whether I was a teacher.
They wanted to know what they can do for us.
二，宾语从句的时态。
宾语从句的时态受主句的限制，
既：主句是一般现在时态，从句根据实际情况而定。
主句是一般过去时态，从句用相应的过去的时态。如果从句的动作发生在主句之前，则从句要用过去完成时态。
例:
1)She says that she is a student.
She said that she was a student.
2)She says that she will fly to Japan in a week.
She said that she would fly to Japan in a week.
3)She says that she has finished her homework already.
She said that she had finished her homework already.
4)She says that she can sing a song in English.
She said that she could sing a song in English.
l如果宾语从句说的是客观真理、自然现象或事实时，这时宾语从句要用一般现在时态。
例：The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.
He told me that Japan is an island country.
lCould you tell me…是用来征询对方的意见，语气委婉，并不表示过去。例：Could you tell me when we will visit the Histury Museum?
注意事项：
u由陈述句变成宾语从句时，要注意人称的变化。
例：She said: “I have been to England before.”
She said that she had been to England before.
She asked me: “Do you like maths?”
She asked me if I liked maths.
u宾语从句与简单句的交换。
由连接代词和连接副词引导的宾语从句，如果宾语从句的主语和主句的主语是同一个人时，可以用“疑问词+不定式
”做宾语的简单句结构。
例：I don’t know what I should do next.
I con’t know what to do next.
He didn’t know where he would live.
He didn’t know where to live.
DO SOME EXERCISES:
1.Can you see________?
A. what he’s reading B. what is he reading
C. what does he read D. he reads what
2.Does Jack come from Japan? Do you know?(合并成一个句子)
Do you know_____Jack _____from Japan?
3._What did your son say in the letter?
_He told me that he___ the Disney would the next day
A.will visit B. has visited
C. is going to visit D. would visit
4.He didn’t know__________
A.what’s the matter B.what the matter is
C. what was the matter D. what the matter was
5.Somebody called you just now,but I didn’t know____
A.who were they B. who they were
C. who was it D. who it was
6.I want to know_____
A.what is his name B. what’s his name
C. that his name is D. what his name is
7.---Could you tell me ___she is looking for?---Her cousin,susan.
A.that B.whose C .who D.which
8.---What are you searching the Internet for?---I’m trying to find out____.
A.What is the difference between SARS and BIRDFLU
B.How many persons have died in Iraq
C.How to protect our environment
D.Why is our Chinese team be able to beat Korea
9.Do you know___________?(谁正在唱歌)
10.Do you know___________?(她正在和谁谈话)
11.Do you know___________?(昨天发生了什么事)The keys: 1 A.2 if ,comes.3D. 4 C. 5 D. 6 D. 7 C. 8 B9 who is singing
10 who she is talking with
11 what happened yesterday