篇一：关于七夕和情人节文化差异英语论文提纲
The Comparability of Valentine's Day of the Western Culture and Double-Seventh Day of the Chinese Traditional Festival Chapter One: Introduction
Chapter Two: Name Sources
2.1 The Double seventh Festival origin of the name
2.2 Valentine's Day origin of the name
2.3 Nickname Summary of the Double seventh Festival
2.4 Nickname Summary of Valentine's DayChapter Three: Folk Legend and Festival Customs
3.1 The Double seventh Festival Customs
3.2 Valentine's Day Customs
Chapter Four: Specific Differences
4.1 Straightforward and conceal differences
4.2 The difference between material and spiritual
4.3 The difference between love and keepsake matter Conclusion
Works Cited
Beth Baker, 1999.9, Holidays and Anniversaries of the World, Detroit: Gale Research
Jock Elliott, 2002, How Our Holiday Came To Be, Harry N. Abrams Susan K. Roll, 1995, Toward the Origins of the Valentine's Day, Kok Pharos
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篇二：Valentine Day 西方情人节简介,英文版
What is Valentine's Day?
Valentine's Day is a celebration of romantic love occurring annually on February
14.Although its origin is associated by legend with a Catholic saint named Valentine, the fact is Valentine's Day is not a religious holiday and never really has been. Valentine's Day has historical roots mainly in Greco-Roman pagan fertility festivals and the medieval notion that birds pair off to mate on February 14.The history of exchanging cards and other tokens of love on February 14 began to develop in England and France in the 14th and 15th centuries and became especially popular in the United States in the 19th and 20th centuries.Over the last decade or so, Valentine's Day observance has even spread to the Far East, India, and the Middle East. What is the History of Valentine's Day?
The origin of associating the middle of February with love and fertility dates to ancient times. In ancient Athens, the period between mid-January and mid-February was the month of Gamelion, which was dedicated to the sacred marriage of Zeus and Hera.In ancient Rome, February 15 was Lupercalia, the festival of Lupercus (or Faunus), the god of fertility. As part of the purification ritual, the priests of Lupercus would sacrifice goats and a dog to the god, and after drinking wine, they would run through the streets of Rome striking anyone they met with pieces of the goat skin. Young women would come forth voluntarily for the occasion, believing that being touched by the goat skin would render them fertile. Young men would also draw names from an urn, choosing their "blind date" for the coming year. In 494 AD the Christian church under Pope Gelasius I appropriated the some aspects of the rite as the Feast of the Purification.In Christianity, at least three different saints named Valentine or Valentinus, all of them martyrs, are mentioned in the early lives of the saints under the date of February 14. Two of the Valentines lived in Italy in the third century: one as a priest at Rome, the other as bishop of Terni. They are both said to have been martyred in Rome and buried on the Flaminian Way. A third St. Valentine was martyred in North Africa and very little else is known of him.Several legends have developed around one or more of these Valentines, two of which are especially popular. According to one account, Emperor Claudius II outlawed marriage for all young menbecause he believed unmarried men made better soldiers. Valentine defied Claudius and continued to perform marriages for young couples and was put to death by the emperor for it. A related legend has Valentine writing letters from prison to his beloved, signing them "From your Valentine."However, the connection between St. Valentine and romantic love is not mentioned in any early histories and is regarded by historians as purely a matter of legend. The feast of St. Valentine was first declared to be on February 14 by Pope Gelasius I around 498. It is said the pope created the day to counter the practice held on Lupercalia, but this is not attested in any sources from that era.The first recorded association of St. Valentine's Day with romantic
lovewas in the 14th century in England and France, where it was believed that February 14 was the day on which birds paired off to mate. Thus we read in Geoffrey Chaucer's (c. 1343-1400) Parliament of Fowls, believed to be the first Valentine's Day poem:
For this was on saint Valentine's day,
When every fowl comes there to choose his mate.
It became common during that era for lovers to exchange notes on Valentine's Day and to call each other their "Valentines." The first Valentine card was sent by Charles, duke of Orleans, to his wife in 1415 when he was a prisoner in the Tower of London. Valentine's Daylove notes were often given anonymously. It is probable that many of the legends about St. Valentine developed during this period (see above). By the 1700s, verses like "Roses are red, violets are blue" became popular. By the 1850s, romantics in France began embellishing their valentine cards with gilt paper, ribbons and lace.
Girls making Valentine's Day cards.
Valentine's Day was probably imported into North America in the 19th century with settlers from Britain. In the United States, the first mass-produced valentines of embossed paper lace were produced and sold shortly after 1847 by Esther A. Howland (1828 - 1904) of Worcester, Massachusetts. Her father operated a large book and stationery store, and she took her inspiration from an English valentine she had received.In the 19th century, relics of St. Valentine were donated by Pope Gregory XVI to the Whitefriar Street Carmelite Church in Dublin, Ireland, which has become a popular place of pilgrimage on February 14.But in 1969, as part of a larger effort to pare down the number of saint days of legendary origin, the Church removed St. Valentine's Day as an official holiday from its calendar.
Valentine's Day Customs and Traditions
Photo: Janine Healy. The primary custom associated with St. Valentine's Day is the mutual exchange of love notes called valentines. Common symbols on valentines are hearts, the colors red and pink, and the figure of the winged Cupid.Starting in the 19th century, the practice of hand writing notes began to give way to the exchange of mass-produced greeting cards. These cards are no longer given just to lovers, but also to friends, family, classmates and coworkers. Valentine cards are often accompanied bytiny candy hearts with affectionate messages printed on them.The Greeting Card Association estimates that approximately one billion valentine
cards are sent worldwide each year, making Valentine's Day the second largest card-sending holiday of the year, behind Christmas. The association also estimates that women purchase approximately 85 percent of all valentines.In the last 50 years or so, especially in the United States, the practice of exchanging cards has been extended to include the giving of gifts, usually from a man to his girlfriend or wife. The most popular Valentine's Day gifts areroses and chocolate. Starting in the 1980s, the diamond industry began to promote Valentine's Day as an occasion for the giving of fine jewelry. Many couples also schedule a romantic dinner date on Valentine's Day. Valentine's Day in China and Japan
Thanks to a concentrated marketing effort, Valentine's Day has emerged in Japan as a day on which women give chocolates to men they like.This has become for many women – especially those who work in offices – an obligation, and they give chocolates to all their male co-workers (especially the boss), sometimes at significant personal expense. This chocolate is known as giri-choco, which translates as "chocolate of obligation."
Gifts for White Day. Photo:amanda. By a further marketing effort, a reciprocal day called White Day has emerged in Japan. On this day (March 14), men are supposed to return the favor by giving something to those who gave themchocolates on Valentine's Day. Many men, however, give only to their girlfriends. The gift should be white (hence the name) and is often lingerie.Valentine's Day is also celebrated in China, as is the relatedDaughter's Festival. It is held on the 7th month and 7th day of the lunar calendar and celebrates a love story between the seventh daughter of the Emperor of Heaven and an orphaned cowherd, who were sent to separate stars and only allowed to see each other on this one day each year. The next Daughter's Festival will be on August 11, 2005.
Valentine's Day Controversy in India and the Middle East Valentine's Day only arrived in In(原文来自：wWw.xiaOcAofANweN.coM 小 草 范 文 网:中西方情人节英语论文)dia a few years ago, but it has quickly gained popularity among young urban people along with a great deal of controversy among conservative Hindus. Traditional Hindu culture discourages public displays of affection between the sexes, including hand-holding, which Valentine's Day encourages, and Valentine's Day is also resented by some as a Christian and western influence.In 2004, militant Hindu nationalists threatened to beat the faces and shave the heads of those who participated in Valentine's Day customs. "We will not allow westernization of Indian culture as St. Valentine was a Christian and celebrating Valentine's Day would be a violation of Indian culture," said Ved Prakash Sachchan, of the militant Hindu organization Bajrang Dal, in Uttar Pradesh. Similarly, a leader of the radical Hindu group Shiv Sena has condemned the holiday as "nothing but a Western onslaught on India's culture to attract youth for commercial purposes." Members of the group have stolen Valentine's Day greeting cards from a store and ceremonially burned them.Similar Valentine's Day backlash has occurred in many Muslim countries. In Pakistan in 2004, the Jamaat-e-Islami party, an Islamist organization, called for a ban on Valentine's Day. One of its leaders dismissed it as "a shameful day" when Westerners "are just fulfilling and satisfying their sex thirst." Also in 2004, the government of Saudi Arabia issued an edict declaring that "there are only two holidays in Islam - Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha - and any other holidays ... are inventions which Muslims are banned from." Police closely monitored stores selling roses and some women were arrested for wearing red.Despite this official opposition from authorities, many people in Middle Eastern countries seem to be enjoying the new holiday. One shopper, buying a red heart-and-rose card for her son-in-law, is reported as having dismissed the backlash as "only rigidity and cultural backwardness. Through the crackdown, they only buy people's greater hatred and enmity."
篇三：(英语毕业论文)浅析中西方隐私观的差异
最新全英原创毕业论文，都是近期写作
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85 模糊语在新闻报道中的语用研究 库切《等待野蛮人》中的不可靠叙述 论中国的归化异化 《远大前程》中皮普成长的心路历程 朗读在中学英语教学中的作用 从感观的角度看汉语外来词的翻译 浅析爱默生的《论自助》——人生自主的源泉 An Analysis of the Symbolic Meanings of the Letter “A” in The Scarlet Letter 从美国影视剧中浅析委婉语的语用功能 中国现代散文风格精彩再现——评张培基教授《英译中国现代散文选》 论《傲慢与偏见》中反讽的艺术效果 《论语》中“仁”的翻译研究 英语称赞语的语用研究 英汉颜色词语的内涵差异及翻译 美国总统就职演说中隐喻的语用功能分析 浅析隐藏在“面纱”之后的伯莎梅森 浅谈体态语及其在跨文化交际中的作用 论色彩在《红字》中的运用与艺术效果 《玻璃动物园》中的逃避主义解读 Principles in the Translation of Legal English 英语财经报道中的词汇衔接研究 论电视剧《绝望主妇》和《婚姻保卫战》中所体现的中美女性人生观差异 金钱决定婚姻 《老人与海》的家园意识 英语教学中非言语交流与跨文化交际中能力的培养 显现的被动隐现的自我——《看不见的人》中被动语态的身份建构功能研究 A Cross-Cultural Study on Linguistic Taboo The Growth Topic in The Catcher in the Rye 托尼莫里森《最蓝的眼睛》佩克拉的悲剧成因研究 信用证中英语语言特点及应用研究 Cultural Differences and Translation Strategies 分析苔丝悲剧的形成原因 英汉动物习语内涵意义的文化差异 奈达功能对等理论指导下英汉广告修辞的翻译策略探究 汉语邀请行为的语用分析 英语双关语在《好汉两个半》中的语用分析 解析凯瑟琳的爱情与婚姻之分离 《了不起的盖茨比》中女性形象分析 An Analysis of the Ambivalent Character of Frederick Winterbourne in Daisy Miller 英语广播新闻与报纸新闻的文体比较 从《简爱》和《达洛维夫人》浅谈女权主义的发展 浅析隐藏在“面纱”之后的伯莎梅森 从《成长的烦恼》和《家有儿女》的对比看中西方家庭价值观的差异
86 英语专业本科毕业论文摘要的体裁分析
87 浅析隐藏在“面纱”之后的伯莎梅森
88 毛泽东诗词中典故翻译的对比研究
89 The Same Experience, Different Life—The Comparison between Jane Eyre and Lin Daiyu 90 大学校训反映出的中美文化差异
91 浅谈大学英语教育的文化融入
92 A Comparison of the English Color Terms
93 性格、学习策略和英语学习成绩的关系研究
94 从《嘉莉妹妹》分析西奥多莱塞对人性欲望的理解
95 论《格列佛游记》中的讽刺
96 从曼诺林角度研究圣地亚哥形象
97 口误幽默的心理语言学分析
98 分析《土生子》中的种族主义的恶性影响
99 从《喜福会》看美国华裔女作家身份探求
100 《南方公园》中美国人的黑色幽默
101 试析中英婚姻生活差异及其原因
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103 《玻璃动物园》中的逃避主义解读
104 《哈利波特》系列里恐怖美的研究
105 国际商务合同的用词特点及翻译
106 简奥斯丁《理智与情感》中玛丽安和埃莉诺的成长研究
107 通过分析《德伯家的苔丝》中主要人物形象分析哈代的宿命论思想
108 浅谈当代大学生炫耀性消费文化
109 Foreign Publicity Translation
110 《雾都孤儿》中的浪漫主义与现实主义
111 对美国总统就职演说的文体分析
112 美国品牌中国本土化进程中的文化冲突与融合
113 《简爱》与《谢利》中女主人公的对比分析研究
114 诗歌《飞鸟集》的意象评析
115 东西方隐逸文化对比——试比较梭罗与陶渊明的作品
116 从中西文化对比看英文电影字幕翻译
117 Harmony is Everything: an Ecological Analysis of The Grapes of Wrath
118 从《牧师的黑面纱》中看霍桑对清教主义的认可与反对
119 Analysis on Requirements for Translation Graduates from the Perspective of Recruit Advertisements
120 英语委婉语的语用分析
121 功能对等理论下汉语新词英译研究
122 An Analysis of Vampire Image in Fevre Dream by George Martin
123 分析《雾都孤儿》中的讽刺手法
124 Beowulf: A Christianity Guided Pagan Epic
125 英语与汉语中的称谓研究
126 《欲望都市》四位女主角的爱情观分析
127 中美篮球背后的青年文化
128 世纪年代前后美国电影中的华人女性形象对比
129 《玻璃动物园》中的逃避主义解读
130 商业意识对美国电影片名翻译的影响
131 浅谈英语语言中的性别歧视现象
132 A Study on Subtitle Translation of Legal Films
133 跨文化广告传播中的语用失误研究
134 现代英语新词分析
135 中美企业招聘广告文化对比分析
136 从电影《阿甘正传》看二战后美国价值观
137 《围城》英译本中的幽默翻译
138 中美商务交际礼仪之差异
139 On Classification of Chinese Dish Names and Their Translation Strategies
140 浅析《儿子与情人》中扭曲的人物关系
141 试析诗歌翻译中文化意象的处理
142 政府工作报告英译中的归化与异化
143 从中西方文化差异看餐桌礼仪
144 小学英语语法任务式教学
145 从美国妇女社会地位的提升看英语歧视性词汇的变化
146 论广告定位中的文化冲突及对策
147 归化和异化翻译策略的研究
148 The Dilemma of Career Woman in The Millstone
149 从功能翻译理论谈中餐菜单的英译
150 英汉翻译中词汇空缺现象及翻译策略
151 “中式英语”和“中国英语”两个概念的区别研究：以公示语为例
152 从中国传统民居乔家大院和西方哥特式教堂看中西文化差异
153 从《喜福会》母女冲突看中美家庭教育差异
154 《洛丽塔》—时间的悲剧
155 《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝之死的必然性
156 产品说明书的文体特征及其翻译
157 交际法在大学英语教学中的现状探究
158 中西传统节日文化比较
159 从语言角度看中英广告翻译中的文化差异
160 威廉福克纳《喧哗与骚动》中的现代主义
161 黛西在《了不起的盖茨比》中的作用
162 改写理论视角下看葛浩文《狼图腾》的英译
163 析《远大前程》主人公匹普的性格成长历程
164 Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening的三中译本－－－－各译作对原作忠实度的对比评析
165 商务活动中的习俗、礼节和礼仪探析
166 从功能翻译理论看电影《功夫熊猫》的字幕翻译
167 浅析《弗兰肯斯坦》中怪物“善”与“恶”的转变
168 Cultural Differences Between English and Chinese by Analyzing Brand Names
169 中餐菜单英译的归化与异化
170 从跨文化的角度研究中英幽默
171 中西丧葬礼俗的对比研究
172 《追风筝的人》作为成长小说的的体裁分析
173 理想之梦的破灭——探析《了不起的盖茨比》与美国梦
174 商标文化特色和翻译技巧
175 The Social Significance of The Merchant of Venice from the Perspective of Modern Society 176 析《远大前程》主人公性格之路
177 从小飞侠彼得潘浅析詹姆斯巴里的悲剧人生
178 弗洛伊德精神分析视阈下《喧哗与骚动》中的人物群像
179 What to Love and Hate －－－－on "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn"
180 《傲慢与偏见》中的三层反讽
181 论《儿子与情人》中保罗人格形成的影响因素
182 论英语文学教学中的影视欣赏
183 Motivation’s Cultivation and Maintenance in English Learning
184 从女性主义视角解读《飘》中斯嘉丽奥哈拉的性格特征
185 苔丝人生悲剧的研究
186 The Improvement of English Learning Skills Through Nursery Rhymes
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188 《荆棘鸟》之宗教观
189 论《木木》中屠格涅夫的反农奴制思想
190 A Feminist Reading of Virginia Woolf and A Room of One’s Own
191 A Comparison of the English Color Terms
192 英汉双语词典中的语用信息
193 谐音现象促成因素及其启示的研究
194 从接受理论的角度看儿童文学的翻译－－以《爱丽丝梦游仙境》为例
195 中国文学作品中的歇后语的英译-以红楼梦为例
196 关联理论视角下唐诗的翻译
197 A Comparison of the English Color Terms
198 从《葡萄牙人的十四行诗集》探究布朗宁夫妇的爱情
199 中西方奢侈品消费文化之比较
200 英文征婚广告和中文征婚广告所体现的文化差异