篇一：计算机专业英语论文
姓名：王雪健 学号：201390503 专业：计算机科学与技术3
班 学院：信息科学与工程学院
On Information Resources
Abstract:
With the development of human society, the way people gather information more and more diversified.Information resources as a special social resources, With strategic nature, can spread the properties, it can increase the properties and comprehensive quality characteristics. Information resource with great economic and social value, not only is important to take a new road to industrialization led forces, but also changes the mode of production and social progress in an enormous boost.
1 Introductio
Information resources, as a special configuration has a special meaning and forms of social resources, their role is with each passing day growing. Information resources are the basic elements of modern social productive forces, while change in the way of social production and people's way of life enhancement, resulting in an invaluable influence and promote the role. At the same time in the modern society, the content of information resources is continuously expanding to include not only the growing number of natural science information resources, but also times of social science information resources. The availability of information resources and use of attention is whether the growth of a country's comprehensive national strength is an important factor, but also the extent a country is an important symbol of modernization.
2 Information resources scientific connotation and basic characteristics
On the content of information resources have yet to form a precise definition. Generally speaking, the so-called information resources, that is, through a variety of media and channels of information dissemination, can be directly translated into the basic elements of social productive forces, the social mode of production and way of life have a direct or indirect impact of the various types of information.
From this level of understanding, it contains the basic characteristics of information resources:
1) With the development, use and value of the conversion of
Compared with the general material resources, information resources is a kind of development, utilization and value into the nature of the resource. First, the information resources as a direct social impact of the main role of the person, inspired by people's initiative, and into practical productive forces and the elements. This characteristic of information resources, require people to understanding information resources on the strategic vision and consciously use of information resources, based on favorable economic and social development of the high degree of strategic information resources to actively promote the development and transformation.
2) Transmissible
With various types of media information resources widely spread to the community, so often profoundly affected the social, and members of society have a osmosis effect. Continue the process of dissemination of information resources, that is, its value continue to be realized in the process.
Transmissible nature of information resources, requires that people must pay great attention to open up channels of information dissemination and flow. Information dissemination channel construction, the modern economic and social development important component. In developed countries, information dissemination economy increasingly prominent position occupied, and even has become a pillar industry of national economy has become an important new economic growth point.
3) The nature of growth
Information resources is the wisdom and talents of the crystallization of intangible assets, which could increase with nature. Development and utilization in the continuous process of constantly eiched and growth process. The nature of information resources can be increased, people were asked only to focus on the use of information resources, but also to focus on research and development of information resources. In the modern information society, research and development of information resources and level of intensity as the development of social productive forces, a prominent symbol of social progress and even become an important measure of scale.
4) Integrated
Information resources is not only a reflection of the social productive forces, and any type of information resources, there are hardly alone, but with other types of information resources in close contact. Generated by a source of information triggered another source of information, which is the development of information resources in a universal phenomenon. Comprehensive information resources, asking people to not only focus on the development of natural science and utilization of information resources, but also to focus on social sciences, humanities information resources development and utilization of information resources and be good at all kinds of mutual influence and infiltration in the discovery, excavation Information
Resources in the tremendous social value.
3 Economic and social value of information resources
1). Information resources for the development of social productive forces: the importance of taking a new road to industrialization led force.
Information environment in the world, we can give full play and the use of their advantages.Take a lead in information technology industrialization, information technology to promote new road to industrialization. This new road to industrialization, the first link is obviously to give full play to the value of information resources function, the value of information resources effectively to promote the transformation of the development of productive forces at all levels are based on sensitivity, smooth and efficient information resources, resulting in greater efficiency. Admittedly, in the full utilization of the economic value of information resources, China and the developed countries there is still a gap. Currently, the developed countries, technological progress contribution rate of economic growth above 60% generally, and some countries even more than 80%, and our only about 40%.This shows that China's economic development relies on the use of modern information resources and there is still a weak link; other instructions, information resources, in particular the transformation of modern high-tech information resources there is considerable work in our space and potential.
2). Information resource for the production of change: towards the modern market-oriented mode of social production an important driving force.
Information resources to promote the value of the social productive forces, can not do without some form of production relations role. Natural and economic conditions, narrow relations of production, information channels are sluggish, but it does not matter the formation and role of
information resources, this is caused by low productivity, stagnant economic development, an important reason. In modern society, changes in the relations of production, development and promotion of social productive forces, the role of communication channels with the constant flow of information and information resources into the value of the continuous increase closely linked.
The process of China's market economy, benefit more from the outcome of the world's information revolution, which clearly reflects the transformation of information resources on the production characteristics. In the continuous development of network technology today, we can use the mass of information the world, large bridge for communication, the use of endless, inexhaustible resource of information and transform our methods of production, improve market relations of production, social level. This is the current market-oriented reforms in China to further promote the important task of contemporary Chinese industrial revolution is the inevitable choice.
3). Information resources for social development: improving the quality, and promote an important spiritual force of social progress.
Information resources on the role of human development play a crucial role. In modern society, people's overall development so that by the idealized model into a workable process, the quality of construction so people can quickly than traditional society, one of the important reasons is the rapid growth and social information the formation of a wide range of information resources. Here, both the natural science information resources, but also the humanities and social sciences information resources. Dissemination of scientific information on natural resources, conversion, greatly opened up the vision of human interaction, to enhance people's awareness of science and the scientific spirit and enhance people's understanding of the objective world and the ability to transform the objective world. Humanities and social
篇二：计算机专业英语论文
《专业英语》课程作业
学生姓名
学 号
院 系
专 业
任课教师
二Ｏ一五年六月
一、英译中（英文科技资料翻译）
原文：
An operating system is the software which acts as an interface between a user of a computer and the computer hardware.The purpose of an operating system is to provide an environment in which a user may execute program. The primary goal of an operating system is thus to make the computer system convenient to use. A secondary goal is to use the computer hardware in an efficient way.
We can view an operating system as a resource allocator. A computer system has many resources which may be required to solve a problem: CPU time, memory space, file storage, input/output(I/O) devices, and so on.The operating system acts as the manager of these resources and allocates them to specific programs and users as necessary for their tasks. Since there may be many, possibly conflicting, requests for resources, the o/s must decide which requests are allocated resources to operate the computer system fairly and efficiently.
Multimedia means, from the user’s perspective, that computer information can be represented through audio and/or video, in addition to text, image, graphics and animation .
The integration of these media into the computer provides additional possibilities for the use of computational power currently available (e.g., for interactive presentation of huge amounts of information ). Furthermore, these data can be transmitted though computer and telecommunication networks, which implies applications in the areas of information distribution and cooperative work.Multimedia provides the possibility for a spectrum of new applications, many of which are in place today.
A multimedia system distinguishes itself from other systems through several properties. We elaborate on the most important properties such as combination of the media, media-independence, computer control and integration.Not every arbitrary combination of media justifies the usage of the term multimedia.
A simple text processing program with incorporated images is often called a multimedia application because two media are processed through one program.But one should talk about multimedia only when both continuous and discrete media are utilized.A text processing program with incorporated images is therefore not a multimedia application.
An important aspect of different media is their level of independence from each other. In general, there is a request for independence of different media, but multimedia may require several levels of independence. On the one hand, a computer-controlled video recorder stores audio and video information, but there is an inherently tight connection between the two types of media. Both
media are coupled together through the common storage medium of the tape. On the other hand, for the purpose of presentations, the combination of DAT recorder (Digital Audio Tape) signals and computer-available text satisfies the request for media-independence.
Early computers were(physically) very large machines run from a console.The programmer would write a program and then operate the program directly from the operator’s console. Software such as assemblers, loaders, and compilers improved on the convenience of programming the system, but also required substantial set-up time. To reduce the setup time, operators were hired and similar jobs were batched together.
Batch systems allowed automatic job sequencing by a resident monitor and improved the overall utilization of the computer greatly.The computer no longer had to wait for human operation. CPU utilization was still low, however, because of the slow speed of the I/O devices relative to the CPU. Offline operation of slow devices was tried.
Buffering was another approach to improving system performance by overlapping the input, output, and computation of a single job. Finally, spooling allowed the CPU to overlap the input of one job with the computation and output of other jobs.
Spooling also provides a pool of jobs which have been read and are waiting to be run. This job pool supports the concept of multiprogramming. With multiprogramming, several jobs are kept in memory at one time; the CPU is switched back and forth between them in order to increase CPU utilization and to decrease the total real time needed to execute a job.
Multiprogramming, which was developed to improve performance, also allows time sharing. Time-shared operating systems allow many users (from one to several hundred) to use a computer system interactive at the same time. As the system switches rapidly from one user to the next, each user is given the impression that he has his own computer. Other operating systems types include real-time systems and multiprocessor systems.
A real-time system is often used as control device in a dedicated application. Sensors bring data to the computer. The computer must analyze the data and possibly adjust controls to modify the sensor inputs. Systems, which control scientific experiments, medical computer systems, industrial control systems, and some display systems are real-time systems. A real-time operating system has well-defined fixed time constraints．Processing must be done within the defined constraints, or the system will fail.
A multiprocessor system has more than one CPU. The obvious advantages would appear to be greater computing power and reliability. There are various types of operating systems for multiprocessors and multicomputers. It is more or less possible to distinguish two kinds of operating systems for multiple CPU systems: Loosely coupled, such as network operating system and distributed o/s, and tightly coupled, such as parallel o/s. As we shall see, loosely and
tightly-coupled s/w is rought analogous to loosely and tight-coupled h/w.
The operating system must ensure correct operation of the computer system. To prevent user programs from interfering with the proper operation of the system, the h/w was modified to create two modes: user mode and monitor mode. Various instructions(such as I/O instructions and halt instructions) are privileged and can only be executed in monitor mode. The memory in which the monitor resides must also be protected from modification by the user. A time prevents infinite loops. Once these changes (dual mode, privileged instructions, memory protection, timer interrupt) have been made to the basic computer architecture, it is possible to write a correct operating system.
译文：
操作系统是作为计算机用户和计算机硬件之间接口的软件。操作系统的目的是提供给用户可以执行程序的环境。因此，操作系统的主要目标是使计算机系统便于使用。其次的目标是给计算机硬件提供高效的使用路径。
我们可以把操作系统看作是一个资源分配器。一个计算机系统拥有许多资源，因此需要去解决问题，例如CPU时间，内存空间，文件的存储，输入输出的设备等。操作系统就像是这些资源的管理员，在需要的时候，它会把资源分配给特定的程序和用户。因此，会有很多有可能产生冲突的资源请求，操作系统必须决定分配资源给哪个请求，使得计算机系统合理有效的运行。
从用户的观点，多媒体技术意味着，计算机信息不仅可以通过文本、图象、图形和动画，还可以通过音频或者视频表现出来。
多媒体与计算机的综合为计算机的普遍应用提供了额外的可行性（例如：大量信息的交互式表现）。此外，这些数据可虽然计算机和电信网络中，这意味着应用程序在信息分发和协同工作的区域中传输。多媒体技术为一连串的新应用程序提供了可能性（多媒体技术是一连串的新应用程序成为可能），并且许多已经开发到位。
一个多媒体系统通过数个属性使自己有别于其他系统。我们对最重要的一些属性进行详细解释，如媒体的组合，媒体的独立性，计算机控制和集成。并不是任意的媒体组合都能满足术语“多媒体”的要求。
一个支持图像处理的简单文本处理程序通常被称为一个多媒体应用程序，这是因为两种媒体通过一个程序被处理。但是我们说到的“多媒体“应该是使用了连续媒体和离散媒体。一个支持图像处理的简单文本处理程序因此并不是一个多媒体应用程序。
媒体的一个重要性质是他们之间的独立性。一般说来，对于不同媒体间需要一个关于独立性的要求，但是多媒体可能需要几个等级的独立性。一方面，一个计算机控制的录像机存储音频和视频信息，但是在这两种类型的媒体间存在一个内在的紧密联系。那就是，这两种媒体通过共同的磁带存储媒介联接在一起。另一方面，出于表达的目的，数字录音带信号和
有效的计算机文本组合满足媒体独立性的需求。
早期的计算机是从控制台运行的体积非常大的机器。程序员要写一条程序然后直接从操作者的控制台操作程序。像汇编程序、装入程序及编译程序这样的软件使系统软件编程更加方便，但是同时也需要大量的启动时间。为了减少这些启动时间，操作者被雇佣，同时相似的工作被成批的处理。
批处理系统通过一个常驻内存的监控程序允许自动的作业定序。批处理系统由常驻监视和改进计算机自动允许测序工作.因此计算机不再需要等待人工操作。 然而，CPU使用率仍然低，这是因为I/O设备的处理速度比CPU的处理速度慢。慢速设备的脱机操作已经尝试。
缓冲是以通过重叠的输入，输出，和计算单个作业的改善系统性能的另一种方法。最后，假脱机允许在CPU和其他作业的计算和输出重叠作业的输入。
伪脱机也为那些已经被读入并且还在等待运行的作业提供一个作业池。这个作业池支持一种叫做多程序设计的概念。在这种多程序设计技术中，多个作业可以同时存放在内存中。CPU在这些作业中来回切换控制，以增加CPU使用率，同时减少执行一条作业的总时间。
多道程序设计被开发来提高性能，也允许分时。
分时操作系统允许多个用户（从一个到几百个）同时交互式地使用计算机系统。由于系统迅速地从一个用户切换到下一个用户，每一个用户被给予一种他拥有自己的计算机的印象。其他操作系统类型包括实时系统和多处理机系统。
实时系统通常被用作专用的应用的控制设备。传感器把数据带给计算机。计算机必须分析数据，也可能调整控制去修改传感器的输入。控制科学的实验，医学的计算机系统，工业的控制系统和一些显示系统等系统都是实时系统。实时操作系统有定义明确的固定的时间约束。处理必须在定义的约束中完成，否则系统将失败。
多处理机系统有不只一个CPU。显著的优势好像是强大的计算能力和可靠性。有各种各样的操作系统用于多处理机和多计算机。这或多或少可能区分两种多CPU系统的操作系统：松耦合，例如网络操作系统和分布式操作系统，和紧耦合，如并行操作系统。我们应该看到，松紧耦合软件大概类似于松紧耦合硬件。
操作系统必须确保改正计算机系统的操作。为了阻止用户程序干扰系统适当的操作，硬件被修改成两种模式：用户模式和监控模式。许多指令（例如I/O指令和中断指令）是有特权的，只能在监控模式下被执行。监控程序所在的内存也必须保护起来以防用户修改。定时器可以防止死循环。一旦这些对基本计算机体系结构的改变（双模，权限指令，内存保护，定时器中断）被做到，这可能写成一个改进的操作系统。
篇三：计算机专业英语期末论文
淮海工学院计算机工程院
实验报告书
课程名： 计算机专业英语 题目： 班级： 学号： 姓名：
Ad Hoc Network
Abstract: Ad Hoc network with the rapid development of wireless communication technology and the emergence of a new type network. This paper introduces the Ad Hoc network concept, features, applications, and other mobile communication system difference and network management issues.
Keywords:Ad Hoc network Mobile IP Network management
0 Introduction
Along with the people to get rid of the wired network, whenever and wherever possible bound can be freely communication desire, in recent years, wireless network communication has been developing rapidly. People can be equipped with wireless interface of the portable computer or personal digital assistant for mobile communication. The present mobile communication mostly need wired infrastructure ( such as base station ) to support implementation. In order to be able to communicate without fixed base station place, one kind of new network technology -- Ad Hoc network technology emerge as the times require. Ad Hoc network need not be wired infrastructure support through a mobile host free network communication. Ad Hoc network has promoted people achieve in any environment free communication process, at the same time it also for military communications, disaster relief and temporary communication provides an effective solution. 1 The concept of Ad Hoc network
Ad Hoc network is a kind of no cable infrastructure to support mobile network, the nodes in the network by the mobile host. Ad Hoc network is initially applied in the military field, it originated from the study of battlefield environment of packet radio network data communication project, the project financed by the DARPA, thereafter, again in 1983 and 1994 were survivable adaptable network SURAN ( Survivable Adaptive Network ) and global mobile information system GloMo ( Global Information System ) research project. Because the wireless communication and the terminal technology unceasing development, the Ad Hoc network in civil environment has also been developed, such as the need in the absence of wired infrastructure areas for temporary communication, can be conveniently through the platform of Ad Hoc network.
In Ad Hoc network, when two mobile host in each other's communication coverage range, they can communicate directly. But the mobile host communication limited coverage, if two are far apart from the host to communicate between them, needs through the mobile host B forwarding can be achieved. Therefore in the Ad Hoc network, a host or router, charged with looking for routing and forwarding message work. In Ad Hoc network, each host communications limited range, so the routing generally by multi-hop, data through multiple host forwarding to reach the destination. The Ad Hoc network is also known for multi-hop wireless networks.
Ad Hoc networks can be regarded as a mobile communication and computer network of the cross. In Ad Hoc network, using computer network packet switching mechanism, rather than circuit switching mechanism. Communications in the host is generally a portable computer, a personal digital assistant ( PDA ) and mobile terminal equipment. Ad Hoc network differs from the current Internet environment in mobile IP network. In the mobile IP network, mobile host can pass through the fixed wired network, a wireless link and dial-up line access network, while in the Ad
Hoc network exists only in a connection mode of wireless link. In the mobile IP network, mobile host through the adjacent base station cable infrastructure to support communication, the base station and the base station ( agents and agents) between the wired network are, still use the traditional Internet routing protocols. While the Ad Hoc network without the support facilities. In addition, in mobile IP networks of mobile hosts that do not have the routing function, just a general communication terminal. When the mobile hosts move from one area to another area does not change the network topology, and Ad Hoc networks of mobile hosts move would lead to changes in topology.
2. The characteristic of Ad Hoc network
Ad Hoc network as a new network mode, has the following characteristics.
2.1 The network 's independence
Ad Hoc network relative to conventional communication network, the biggest difference is that may at any time, any place without a hardware network infrastructure support, rapid construction of a mobile communication network. Its establishment is not dependent on the existing network communication facilities, have certain independence. Ad Hoc network is very suitable for the characteristics of disaster relief, remote communication application.
2.2 Dynamic change of the network topology
In Ad Hoc network, mobile host can optionally move in network. The mobile host can lead to host a link between increased or disappear, relationships between hosts changing. In ad hoc network, the host may simultaneously or router, therefore, the mobile will make the network topology changes, and changes in the mode and speed are unpredictable. For the conventional network, topological structure of the network are relatively stable.
2.3 The limited bandwidth of wireless communications
In the Ad Hoc network without cable infrastructure support, therefore, the communication between host through wireless transmission to complete. Due to the physical property of wireless channel, it provides the network bandwidth relative cable channel is much lower. Besides, considering the competition shared radio channel produced by collisions, signal attenuation, noise and other factors, the mobile terminal can obtain the actual bandwidth is far less than the maximum bandwidth value theory.
2.4 Host energy Limited
In Ad Hoc network, the host is a number of mobile devices, such as PDA, portable computer or pda. The host may be in constant state of mobile, host energy is mainly supplied by the battery, so the Ad Hoc network has the characteristics of energy limited.
2.5 The network distributed characteristics
In the Ad Hoc network without central control node, the host through the distributed protocol internet. Once the network of a certain node fails, the rest of the node and can still work normally.
2.6 Short life cycle
Ad Hoc network is mainly used for temporary communication needs, relative to the cable network, it's time to live is short.
2.7 Limited physical security
Mobile network is usually better than the fixed network more vulnerable to physical security attacks, susceptible to eavesdropping, deceit and denial of service attack. The existing link security technology have been applied to a wireless network to reduce security attacks. But Ad Hoc network distributed characteristics compared with the centralized network has certain
invulnerability.
3. Ad Hoc network applications
Ad Hoc network application scope is very broad, on the whole, it can be used in the following situations:
A ) no wired communication facilities, such as the absence of hardware communications facilities or wired communication facilities damaged.
B ) requires distributed characteristics of the network communication environment.
C ) the existing wired communication facilities is insufficient, need temporary quickly set up a communication network environment.
D ) be a strong backup network survivability.
Ad Hoc network technology research is the first to meet the needs of military application, military communication system is needed, since the group of survivability and mobility. During
Ad Hoc network to meet the demand of the military communication system. Ad Hoc networks using distributed technology, no central control node management. When the network some node or link failure occurs, the other nodes can also be through the relevant technology to communication. Ad Hoc network by mobile nodes themselves free combination, not dependent on cable television equipment, therefore, have stronger group, very suitable for battlefield bad communication environment. Ad Hoc network is simple to build, high maneuverability. At present, some developed countries to combat personnel equipped with state-of-the-art personal communication system, in bad battlefield environment, difficult through wired communication mechanism or mobile IP mechanism to complete the communication task, but through the Ad Hoc network. Therefore, research on Ad Hoc network in military communication system development has important application value and long-term significance.
In recent years, Ad Hoc network research in the civil and commercial field is valued. In civilian areas, Ad Hoc network can be used for disaster relief. In case of flood, earthquake, wired communication facilities are likely to suffer damage to the normal communication, through the Ad Hoc network can quickly establish emergency communication network, ensure the rescue work carried out smoothly, complete emergency communication needs task. The Ad Hoc network can be used for remote or undeveloped area communication. In these regions, due to the cost, geographical and other causes are often not wired communication facilities, Ad Hoc network can solve these environmental issues of communication in. The Ad Hoc network can also be used for temporary communication needs, such as business meetings in mutual communication among the participants, in the existing wired communication system can not meet the communication needs of the situation, through the Ad Hoc network to complete the communication task.
Ad Hoc network in the study area is also very popular, in recent years network international
conferences are the basic Ad Hoc network subject, with the mobile technology and the continuous development of the growing free communication needs, Ad Hoc network will be more attention, get more rapid development and popularization of.
4.Comparison with other mobile communication system
4.1 Cellular system
Cellular system is the most extensive coverage of the land public mobile communication system. In cellular systems, covering the area is generally divided into a plurality of cells similar to cellular. Within each cell of a fixed set of base station, to provide users with access and message forwarding service. Between mobile users and mobile users and mobile communications between users are required to pass the base station. The base station is generally through the wire is connected to the main body by the exchange of a backbone network. Cellular system is a connected network, once a channel is allocated to a user, usually this channel has been the user. Cellular systems are generally used for voice communication.
4.2 Cluster system
Cluster system and cellular system is similar, is also a connected network, generally belong to the private network, scale is not large, mainly for mobile users to provide voice communication.
4.3 Satellite communication system
Satellite communication system is the most extensive, to every corner of the globe provide communication services. In this system, a satellite base station plays with similar functions. Satellite communications system by satellite location can be divided into geostationary orbit, orbit and the lower orbit in 3. Satellite communication system has high cost, large transmission time delay, such as lack of limited transmission bandwidth.
The mobile communication systems require the wired network communication infrastructure support, such as a base station, switches, such as satellite. Establishment and operation of these facilities requires considerable human and material resources, therefore the cost is relatively high, at the same time, construction cycle is long. Ad Hoc network base stations is not required by the host their own support, networking, therefore, the network built low cost, while at the same time short, generally only a few seconds or minutes. The communication system, mobile terminal is not direct communication between mobile terminals, and only with the transceiver function, does not have the forwarding function. While the Ad Hoc network by the mobile host, between the mobile host can communicate directly, while the mobile host not only to send and receive data, but also transmit data. Furthermore the present mobile communication system is mainly to provide users with a voice communication function, usually using a circuit switching, topology structure is stable. While the Ad Hoc networks using packet forwarding technology, mainly to provide users with data communication services, topology structure is easy to change.
5 Combination of Mobile IP and Ad Hoc network
The realization of mobile and IP is one of the two big trends of the development of network. With the mobile phone use is increasingly extensive and people on the move of the information provided by the increasingly high demand, the hope that more people can access to the Internet whenever and wherever possible.
For Ad Hoc network, network is readily generated and have easy compositionality, does not require prior existing network to support, therefore, a wide range of applications is also very simple. However, this network has a strong independence, it can exist alone, its characteristics and the active, on-demand driven routing protocol makes it difficult to communication with the