篇一：中西商务礼仪的比较与分析
学生毕业论文
课题：中西商务礼仪的比较与分析
班级：10级商务英语3班
姓名： 学号：
指导老师:
汕头职业技术学院外语系
学生毕业论文提纲
课题：中西商务礼仪的比较与分析
班级： 姓名： 学号：
摘要：
中西方商务礼仪之间有很大的差别，随着各国经济贸易往来日益频繁，学习中西方礼尚交往之间的习惯差异是很有必要的，能帮助我们更好的与人沟通交流，同时它在商务活动中起着非常重要的作用。
关键词：差异、对比、增加效率
1.中西礼仪存在差异的原因
1.1中西文化的差异
1.2中西方观念的差异
2.中西商务礼仪的对比
2.1中西交际语言的对比
2.2中西餐桌礼仪的对比
2.3中西着装礼仪的对比
2.4中西见面礼仪的对比
2.5中西送礼礼仪的对比
3.商务礼仪在商务活动中的作用
3.1 能够提高商务人员的个人素质
3.2 有助于建立良好的人际沟通
3.3 增加企业形象
1.中西礼仪存在差异的原因
1.1中西文化的差异
1.1.1、中华民族文化的特质
中华民族文化诞生于东亚大陆，东濒茫茫沧海，西北横亘漫漫戈壁，西南耸立着世界上最险峻的青藏高原。这种对外交通不便和内部回旋余地相当开阔的环境，造成了一种与外部世界相对隔离的状态。中国古代文化系统从半封闭的地理环境中获得了比较完备的隔离机制，加之适宜发展农业的气候条件和土壤，决定
了中国人之能以农业为主。农业是中华民族基本的，也是最主要的生产和生活方式。
中国的地理环境决定了中华民族的生产方式，而农业的生产方式又决定了中华文化具有与其他文化不同的特征。在形成中华民族独特文化的过程中，中华民族文化心了结构也逐步发育成熟，形成自己独特的风格。
1.1.2、西方民族文化的特质
西方文化的源头在古希腊。在数千年的历史发展过程中，西方民族形成了独特的民族文化心理结构，具有鲜明的特质。
西方民族文化同样具有的独特风格主要表现在古代西方的生存自然环境和西方民族富有的探索精神。
西方民族的探索精神的形成与他们的生存环境有关。古代西方人的生产方式和生活方式使他们必须面对自然，通过自身的努力主动改造自然，使之与人类的生活相适应，而不是通过改变自身使之被动地适应自然，这就造成了西方民族的“外向型”性格。他们极力探索自然推及到探索生活、社会及人生的意义。另外，西欧民族十分注重自然科学，而且注重自然科学和社会科学互相渗透，共同发展。西方人在探索“真理”方面表现出极大的热情和特有的执着，并且不断努力，推陈出新，标新立异，从不满足，也绝不会止步或暂停。因此，西方民族在价值取向上表现出注重现实向未来的运动是不足为怪的。同时，极力向外探求是西方民族产生了一种与中华民族截然不同的心理效应，这就是严格地划分物我及物物的界限。人类与自然、社会与个人、自我与他人、物质与精神、灵魂与肉体等等，在西方人看来都是相互对立的，它们之间有着明显、准确的概念界定。正因为如此，西欧民族在思维方式上具有一与多对立统一的显著特点。
1.2中西方观念的差异
东方文化崇尚集体和团体精神,人们的倚赖性较强。而西方文化崇尚独立和个性自由。比如,中国人讲究修身,齐家,治国,平天下,人品是至关重要的，而这种人品是建立在关心国家,热爱集体,家庭和睦,人际关系和谐的基础之上。如果只考虑个人的利益,你的人品则大大的折扣。而在西方人们法制观念较强。在此前提下,他们崇尚个人自由,不愿受到来自政府,教会或其他组织的干涉,喜欢我行我素。在家庭中,孩子从小就被灌输自立自强的观念。这种文化上的差异，导致中西方观念很大的差异，以至于中西方礼仪从根本上有很大的差异。
2.中西商务礼仪的对比
2.1中西方交际语言的差异
2.1.1打招呼
打招呼是日常生活中最为平常的事情,但就是这司空见惯的小事也能反映出中西方文化的大差异。在我国,熟人碰了面相互问一声:“吃了吗?”“上哪去?”“今天不用上班呀?”这本是中国人最熟悉也是最平常的打招呼的方式,但如果你拿这些“套话”与西方人打招呼,外国人一定会感到奇怪,甚至会产生误解。因为这些“套话”对于西方人来说全部是期待对方给与答复的真正问题,而
不是打招呼语或问候语。
2.1.2 称谓
称谓方面，在汉语里，一般只有彼此熟悉亲密的人之间才可以“直呼其名”。但在西方，“直呼其名”比在汉语里的范围要广得多。在西方，常用“先生”和“夫人”来称呼不知其名的陌生人，对十几或二十几岁的女子可称呼“小姐”，结婚了的女性可称“女士”或“夫人”等。在家庭成员之间，不分长幼尊卑，一般可互称姓名或昵称。在家里，可以直接叫爸爸、妈妈的名字。对所有的男性长辈都可以称“叔叔”，对所有的女性长辈都可以称“阿姨”。这在我们中国是不行的，必须要分清楚辈分、老幼等关系，否则就会被认为不懂礼貌。
在西方，人们见面时喜欢直呼其名，这是亲切友好的表示，纵使交谈之初可能互相用姓称呼，但过一会儿就改称名字。而在中国，人们很喜欢被称为某某经理，某某总裁，因为这是身份与地位的象征。但在西方，人们很少用正式的头衔称呼别人，正式的头衔只用于法官、高级政府官员，军官，医生，教授和高级宗教人士。值得注意的是，西方从来不用行政职务如局长、经理、校长等头衔来称呼别人。另外，在与人交谈时，切不可谈及个人的私事，诸如年龄、婚姻、收入、信仰等等。看到别人买的东西不可问其价格；如果看到别人回来，也不能问他去哪儿了或者从哪里来，否则就会遭人厌恶，西方人常用“鼻子伸到人家私生活里来了”这句话来表示对提问人的轻蔑。而在中国，人们对个人隐私的界限远没有这么深刻，人们并不会在意别人对自己的生活作一般了解。
2.1.3 相互交谈
在社交场合难免要交谈,在我国,人们在一起聊天多半会谈到家庭,婚姻,孩子,经济收入等问题,这正是中国人所谓的拉家常,这些话题能缩短人们之间的距离,使人有亲切感。而在西方国家人们忌讳谈论诸如家庭婚姻经济收入等话题,在西方人看来这些都是私人问题,是privacy“不足与外人道也”。在和西方人交谈时我们还应该注意,不能随便问及对方的年龄。我们可能会碰到这种情况,当你问你的外国朋友“How old are you ? 时,他或她可能会面色不悦的告诉你: It’s a secret . 而在中国你可以问年长者的“高龄”也可以问年轻姑娘的“芳龄”,人们不太在意年龄问题。
西方人喜欢赞美别人,对人的感谢和赞美不离口,而令西方人费解的是,中国人对给予的赞美过分谦虚,总是:“过奖了,过奖了,“哪里,哪里,还不够”。似乎不想接受他们的赞赏。倘若一位西方人到一位家里装修豪华的中国朋友家做客,中国人却把大受西方朋友赞美的豪宅称为“寒舍”;明明准备了一桌美味佳肴,却说“没什么好吃的”,这是因为中国人遵循儒家的文化传统,谦虚是美德,接受赞美就是不谦虚的表现。西方人恰恰相反,对赞美欣然接受并表示感谢。
2.2中西餐桌礼仪的对比
2.2.1 座次安排
中国的餐桌礼仪是：先请客人入座上席，再请长辈入座客人旁。入座的时侯要从椅子的左边进入。主人必须注意的一点是切不可让客人坐在靠近上菜的座位，此为一大忌。如果是圆桌子，则对着大门的是主座。
现代较为流行的中餐宴饮礼仪，其座次借西方以右为上的法则，第一主宾坐
在主人的右边，第二主宾坐在主人的左边或者第一主宾的右边。
在西方的餐桌礼仪中，女主人宣布晚宴准备就绪后，男主人引宾客依次就座，一般座位的安排以男女分隔而坐的原则，男主宾先就座，其位置在女主人的右边，而女主宾则在男主宾的右边，其他的夫妇则以对角方式入座。
2.2.2 上菜顺序
中餐的上菜顺序一般是先上凉菜、饮料或酒，然后是热菜、主食和汤，最后是水果和甜点。而西方的上菜程序通常是：黄油面包、冷菜、海鲜、主菜、甜点、咖啡和水果。冷菜也叫开胃小菜，作为第一道菜，一般和开胃酒并用。
2.2.3餐具
中餐的餐具主要有筷子、碟，碗、勺子等。在正式的宴会上，水杯通常放在菜盘的左上方，酒杯放在菜盘右上方。西餐的餐具主要有刀子、叉子、碗、盘子、碟子等。
2.2.4 餐巾
中餐在正式用餐前，服务员会为每人递上一块热毛巾，它只能用来擦手，擦完手之后，应放回原来的盘子里，由服务员拿走，在宴会结束前，会再上一块湿毛巾用来擦嘴，千万不能用来擦汗、抹脸。西餐中，餐巾放在盘子里，要么放在盘子的旁边。
2.3中西着装礼仪的对比
西方人注重身份，把衣服变成象征，中国注重韵味。如果说西方服饰文化刻意追求表现人体美，而完全忽视了服饰伦理，那么，中国服饰文化由于受到传统的伦理价值观念的影响还或多或少地保留着一些道德上的体统。而最能代表我们国家的是中山装，西方代表装是西装。穿中山服时，不仅要扣上全部衣扣，而且要系上领扣，并且不允许挽起衣袖。在穿双排扣西服时，必须扣上全部衣扣。穿单排三粒扣西服时，仅能扣上上一粒或中、上两粒扣子；穿单排两粒扣西服时，只能扣上上一粒扣子；不允许扣上单排扣西服的全部衣扣。
西方男士在正式社交场合通常穿保守式样的西装，内穿白衬衫，打领带。他们喜欢黑色，因此一般穿黑色的皮鞋。西方女士在正式场合要穿礼服套装。另外女士外出有戴耳环的习俗。西方国家，尤其是在美国，平时人们喜欢穿着休闲装，如T恤加牛仔服。
当今中国人穿着打扮日趋西化，传统的中山装、旗袍等已退出历史舞台。正式场合男女着装已与西方并无二异。在平时的市井生活中，倒会看到不少人穿着背心、短裤、拖鞋等不合礼仪的服饰。
2.4中西见面礼仪的对比
西方人见面时，不一定会握手，只要笑一笑，打个招呼就行了，即使是第一次见面，而中国人则视握手为一个基本礼节。但在中国握手并没有太多的限定，而西方人握手是有一定礼节的。例如男女之间，女方先伸出手，若女方无握手之意，男子就只能点头鞠躬致意；长幼之间由长辈先伸出手；上下级之间，由上级先伸出手；宾主之间由主人先伸出手。而且握手时应注视对方，并摘下手套，否则会被视为不礼貌。
篇二：中西方商务礼仪差异
专科毕业论文
题 目学 院： 专 业： 姓 名： 学 号： _ 班 级： _ 指导教师： 职 称： 完成日期：
毕业论文诚信承诺书
摘 要
中国是四大文明古国，中华民族是唯一传承千年的文明和民族。中国的商务礼仪，始干夏商周，盛于唐术，经过不断地发展变化，逐渐形成体系。西方社会，是几火古代文明的继承者，曾一直和东方的中国遥相呼应。经过中20纪的黑暗，最终迎来了文艺复兴，并孕育了资本主义和现代文明，产生了现代科技和文化。中国人和英语国家的人生活住不同的文化背景之中，在风俗习惯、宗教信仰、思维方式、道德观、价值观等方面存在很大的差异。作为两种不同的社会文化及其环境下生长的人们来说，各自表现出商务礼仪也备有不 。随着中西方文化的不断发展，中西方的商务礼仪难住相互融合，西方人逐渐地接受了东方文化中重情感等合理因素，中西方文化的差异而对商务礼仪仪产生的影响还多。
【关键词】 商务礼仪 中西方文化 差异
Abstract
China is one of the four great ancient civilizations, the Chinese nation is the only heritage of civilization and national millennium. Chinese business etiquette, dried before the Xia Shang Zhou, in the Tang Sheng operation, through constant development and change, the system gradually formed. Western society is fire, several ancient civilizations successor, and has been the East China echo each other at a distance. In the 20 century after dark, finally ushered in the Renaissance, and capitalism and gave birth to the modern civilization, have modern technology and culture. Chinese and English people living in different cultural background, religious beliefs, customs and habits, the way of thinking, moral values, values and so on, there is a big difference. As two different social and cultural environment and its people grow, each showing a business etiquette also have not. With the continuous development of Chinese culture and Western culture, Chinese and Western business etiquette on mutual fusion, Westerners gradually accepted in the oriental culture emotion such as rational factors, in the Western cultural differences on business etiquette instrument impact more.
[ Key words ] business etiquette difference between Chinese and Western
culture
目 录
一、交际方式的差异 .................................................. 1
1.1 语言不同 .................................................... 1 1.2 文化不同 .................................................... 2 二、餐饮商务礼仪的差异 .............................................. 2 三、服饰商务礼仪的差异 .............................................. 3
3.1 个人人生观的差异 ............................................ 3 3.2 社会习俗的不同 .............................................. 4 3.3 等级观念的差异 .............................................. 4 结束语 .............................................................. 5 参考文献： .......................................................... 6 致 谢 ............................................................ 7
篇三：中西方商务礼仪差异论文(英文)
Abstract
Business etiquette, a behavior science, is the norms in the business activities, , which plays an important role in the business communication .understanding Chinese and western etiquette and their distinctions is of great importance in promoting international business exchanges. With the changing role China played in the international exchanges, we communicate and cooperate frequently with foreigners . It is the notable position that makes us have a more normative and courteous criteria in the international business communication, especially in the business activities with westerners. This thesis ,from the international business etiquette , lays emphasis on the comparison between Chinese and western business protocol, it mainly described the general definition of business etiquette, characteristics of business etiquette, embodiment in business interactions, influencing factors (Cultural factors) of Chinese and western etiquette and the relevant solutions of the differences. The thesis let us comprehend and receive different stages of Chinese and western business etiquette , “recognition—understanding—comprehension ”,through lots of examples, aiming to help us to apply these theories into practice. The consequence of this study shows that in order to avoid the misunderstandings in business activities, especially in international business exchanges, not only should we know some basic business norms, but also we need to understand the distinctions of business etiquette mainly caused by different cultures profoundly.
Key words : business etiquettenorm business exchange
摘要
商务礼仪是商务活动中的行为规范，它是一门行为科学，在商务交往中扮演着重要的角色 ，了解中西方的礼仪及其差异对促进国际间商务交往的顺利进行有着举足轻重的作用。随着中国在国际交往的角色发生改变，中国的对外交流和合作日益频繁，国际地位越来越明显，国际间的交往，尤其是和西方国家的商务交往就更应该规范化、礼仪化；本文从国际间商务礼仪入手，对中国和西方的商务礼仪的异同点予以概述和比较，主要论述了商务礼仪的有关概念、中西方商务礼仪的主要特征、中西方礼仪在商务活动中的不同体现、影响中西方商务礼仪的主要因素（文化因素）及相关的解决办法。用大量的实例来反映礼仪差异， 让读者从“ 初步认知——初步了解——了解”各个不同阶段对中西方商务礼仪进行理解和接受，并将它用于实践。 研究结果表明，为了避免商务活动中，尤其在国际商务交往中的误解，除了了解一些基本的商务规范，更需要深层次地了解由不同文化间产生地商务礼仪差异。
关键词 ： 商务礼仪 规范 商务交往
Comparison between Chinese and Western business
etiquette
1. Introduction
Business etiquette is a code of conduct, which embodies mutual respect in the day-to-day business activities. It is also the norms for people who is engaged in commercial activities and business communications, in other words, how to master basic business activities, so you can meet the requirements for business; how to make yourself familiar with the norms and disclose your dignified demeanor ;how to avoid the embarrassing questions you encountered : such as dress wrong ,dining at a loss; how to eliminate a small matter ,which will have the unexpected negative image to the individuals or companies. Only have you know some knowledge of Chinese and English etiquette , all these problems can be easily solved .Therefore business etiquette helps to create good personal image and corporate image.
Business etiquette is coordination and communication functions with cohesion emotional role. With the development of society, the business relations are getting wider and wider, in a variety of business contacts gradually formed a code of conduct and guidelines, guidance on business conduct themselves in society, and as a code of society, coordinating human relations and human and social relations, so that people are friendly to each other, respect the other's premise, compliance with the protocol norms, in accordance with the protocol norms restrain itself, it is easy for people to have interpersonal communication. Therefore , emotional pool plays to the role, and establish mutual respect, mutual trust, friendship and cooperation relations, what?s more, it will help the development of various undertakings. Business etiquette is a behavior science, and should be trained seriously and systemically. Due to geographical and historical background, various kinds of differences occurs between the systems, but the desire to reflect the aspirations is the same, and to abide by the norms and codes of conduct is consistent.
Business etiquette is made up of significantly more important things than just knowing which fork to use at lunch with a client. Unfortunately, in the perception of others, the devil is in the details. People may feel that if you can't be trusted not to embarrass yourself in business and social situations, you may lack the self-control necessary to be good at what you do. Etiquette is about presenting yourself with the kind of polish that shows you can be taken seriously. Etiquette is also about being comfortable around people (and making them comfortable around you!)
People are a key factor in your own and your business' success. Many potentially worthwhile and profitable alliances have been lost because of an unintentional breach
of manners.
Dan McLeod, president of Positive Management Leadership Programs, a union avoidance company, says, "Show me a boss who treats his or her employees abrasively, and I'll show you an environment ripe for labor problems and obviously poor customers relations. Disrespectful and discourteous treatment of employees is passed along from the top."( Dan McLeod：2008) Which strongly emphasize the importance of courtesy, therefore , it?s necessary to know etiquette, especially the business etiquette.
2. Characteristics of business etiquette
As regional and historical reasons, understandings of people from different regions and ethnic varies , as the development of whole world .Chinese people have attached great importance to the foreigners , especially the westerners ,trading between the two regions is becoming more and more frequent ,establishing good relations with western people is of great importance ,therefore ,knowing the business etiquette is essential . As China's reform and opening up the pace accelerated, people?s living and working in foreign exchanges increased. Understanding the content of foreign-related rituals and requirements, and mastering the skills of contacts with foreigners is particularly important.
In the business occasions , how to make business etiquette effect completely and how to create the best interpersonal relationships is closely related to the principles of business etiquette , which can be concluded into four aspects:
(1) The principle of sincerity and respect
Socrates had made a very famous statement: “ there must not be a gift to a friend, you have to contribute to your sincere love ,learning how to use legitimate means to win a person?s heart .”(Voice of English ，2005) Which tells us that if you contact with the people , sincere respect for the ritual is the primary principle . Only you treat others sincerely and courteously ,can you create a harmonious happy relations, for good faith and respect are complementary to each other. Sincerity is a practical and realistic approach to communicate with other people ,especially in the business activities , it can be directly reflected .Sincere and respect for the first performance with some people :do not lie ,not hypocrisy ,do not insult people ,the so called “cheating once ,for life no friends.” also the practical reflection of business dealing . Sincere dedication, be fruitful harvest, only sincere respect for the two sides can be affiliated, friendship for a long time.
(2) The principle of moderate equality
In the social field ,ritual behavior is always expressed as the two sides ,for instance, if you treat your business guests sincerely and thoughtfully , others would
show the identical courteous respond to your hospitality ,and they would become the potential regular customers . If you performed impatiently and hasty ,there is no doubt that you would get the same response .The purposes of this protocol must emphasize the principle of equality, equal exchanges between the two parts, for equality is the foundation to establish emotion with other people. If you want to maintain a good interpersonal relationship with your business partners or your customers , you should locate modesty in the first place ,because it is the essential way to make more friends. Moderate principle requires us to measure the criteria of etiquette , in accordance with specific circumstance , specific situation and the exercise of the corresponding ritual .For instance ,when doing business with some people both warm and urbane are required ,one can not be rude and frivolous ,lively and modest ,but lethargic and sophisticated.
(3) Self-confidence and self-discipline
The principle of self-confidence is a mental health principle in the social occasion , especially in the commercial contact .Only someone is self-confident ,can he master things freely. Self-confidence is a very valuable psychological quality, people who have full confidence will not discourage when they encounter difficulties , on the contrary , they will counterattack when they are reduced to a rattrap, they are also willing to show their helping hand to people who are involved in jeopardy. People who are not confident enough will run into snags everywhere , even despair of their life .
In the process of social interaction and business communication , establishing a sense of moral values and norms of self-cultivation in the mind to our behaviors .Achieving the balance of self education ,self management and self-confidence correctly , placing a rational and active attitude to fulfill the great obligation the life leaves us , refusing self-righteous and arrogant . Nothing great can be achieved without these traits.
(4) honesty and tolerance
Honesty stresses the principle of credibility , Confucius , a great philosopher , made the statement : people can?t live without credit , if you affiliate with your friends, honesty should be laid in the first place; Which also emphasize the principle of keeping promises. Trustworthiness is the virtue of the Chinese nation , in particular ,it is necessary to stress punctuality , and people should not delay when they go to the fixed appointments, meetings , talks and conferences, etc. One should not make promise so easily ,unless you are really sure about it ,or else you would end with a bad image of dishonest , especially in the business activity , honesty is of great importance .
Tolerance is a great human thinking , the idea of tolerance is a magic weapon to create a harmonious interpersonal relationship in interpersonal exchanges .Tolerate others ,understand others and do not always pursue perfection. For a famous saying goes : failure is the mother of success . All in all ,if you consider things from others? position , I think you have found the best way to win friends ,to win business guests.