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涉外合同语态特点

小草范文网  发布于:2016-12-29  分类: 涉外合同 手机版

篇一:浅谈涉外合同英语特色

摘 要

在国际经济贸易活动中,商务合同是一种重要的法律文件依据,商贸英语已成为必不可少的语言交际工具,它也是英文经济贸易合同的基点。国际商务合同的种类繁多,涉及面广,内容复杂。这类合同都是涉外交易性质,有其自身的特点,即条理性、规范性和专业性。商务合同对翻译的质量提出很高的要求,也增加了其难度。本文用大量的例句,对商务合同英语的准确性、严谨性、规范性做了浅显的分析。并且简单介绍了涉外合同英语严肃、正式与严谨、准确两方面的特点,并从词汇的角度论证古体词与比较正式的词语使沙外合同英语严肃、正式;成对词、词语重复则使涉外合同英语严谨、准确。

关键词:涉外英语合同 专业 严谨 规范

目录

前言 ..................................................... 3

第一章 涉外合同英语结构特点 .............................. 4

第二章 涉外合同英语的用词特点 ............................ 5

(一)用词正式 ........................................ 5

(二)用词专业 ........................................ 6

(三)古词语的使用 .................................... 7

(四)外来语 .......................................... 8

(五)关键性的词常采用同(近)义词连用,避免一词多义 .... 9

(六) 同义词和近义词并列 ............................. 9

第三章 涉外合同英语的用语特点 ........................... 10

(一)多用主动语态,少用被动语态 ..................... 10

(二)多用现在时,少用将来时,尽管很多条款规定的是合同签

订以后的事项 ......................................... 11

(三)直接表达方式用得多,间接表达方式用的较少 ....... 11

(四)尽量使用一个动词,避免使用“动词+名词+介词”的同意

短语 ................................................. 12

第三章 涉外合同英语的句子特点 ........................... 12

(一)句子冗长,结构复杂 ............................. 12

(二)句子中状语的位置 ............................... 13

结语 .................................................... 14

参考文献 ................................................ 15

浅谈涉外合同英语特色

前言

语言学界的功能主义认为,语言是人类的交际工具,是人类社会生活的一个部分。社会生活的复杂多样性以及语言使用的环境的多样性决定了语言并不是刻板、毫无变化和差别的统一体,而是一个包括多种语体的复合体。根据交际领域和社会功能的不同,英语可分为科技体英语、文学体英语、新闻报道体英语、广告体英语、法律体英语、宗教体英语和公文体英语等等。著名的语言学家(J . ft. Firth )指出,“人类行为中有多少个专门系统,就有多少套语言,就有多少套同特殊的语言联系在一起的社会行为”。每一套特殊的语言实际上就是一种不同的语体,不同的语体在句法、词汇等方面有不同的特征。合同属于法律性文献。合同涉及公司企业间的合同契约、合资经营到个人间的租借房屋、参加人寿保险、赊购货物等等,所有这些活动,都要有一种书面语言来记录和规定,明确规定当事人双方(或各方)的权利和义务。合同语言是执行这种社会职能的一种变体。在合同语言履行其社会职能的过程中,人们需要了解规定和义务的确切含义和范围,也要防范有的人会出于某种考虑而有意曲解合同文书的含义,利用合同文书中某些词汇的不确定性和模糊性来逃避职责、夸大权益。在合同文书中,全部内容和条款必须字面化、外部化,也就是说,合同文书的内容和条款须通过语言文字体现出来,因此,合同文书必须严谨,做到词义准确,丝毫不允许词义模棱两可而产生歧义。同时,对于词义准确、语义确凿的刻意追求,形成了合同语言的严肃、正式,甚至保守。严肃、正式和严谨、准确就构成了合同文书的语体特征。本文拟简单探讨合同英语中如何通过词汇来体现合同英语的严肃、正式与严谨、准确。

第一章 涉外合同英语结构特点

合同类法律文件用以规定当事人的权利与义务,是预防与解决争议的依据。合同英语行文慎密而准确,历史悠久,深含法律文化底蕴。 ,

中文的合同开头一般先罗列当事人的名称、姓名、住所或营业场所,然后是合同正文,结尾是当事人印章、授权代表签字、职务及签字日期。而英语合同一般以下面这类句式为开头:

This agreement/contract is made and entered in to this ____ day of _____(month), _______ (year) by and between Party A (hereinafter called " Party A ")and Party B(hereinafter called " Party B ")

然后是开始陈述:

WHEREAS?THEREFORE

? It is hereby agreed as follows:

或以: ,

WITNESSETH, WHEREAS?

NOW THEREFORE, for and in consideration of the mutual covenants and agreements contained herein, the parties hereby covenant and agree as follows: ,

接着是正文,最后是证明部分:

IN WITNESS WHEREOF,the parties hereto have hereunto set their Hands the day and years first above written. ,

随后还包括当事人和见证人的签字。

第二章 涉外合同英语的用词特点

(一)用词正式

合同英语系正式英语,与普通语体不同。合同英语中使用了不少很正式的词汇,这些词汇在普通语体的场合使用不多。

例如: ,

“因为”的短语多用“by virtue of ",远远多于”due to“一般不用”because of “;

“财务年度末”一般用“at the close of the fiscal year”,而不用“in the end of the fiscal year”; ,

“在??之前”一般用“prior to”,而不用“before”; ,

“关于”常用“as regards”, “concerning”或“relating to”,而不会用“about”;

“事实上”用“in effect”,而不用“in fact”;

“开始”用“commencement”,而不用“start”或“begin”;

“停止做”用“cease to do”,而不用“stop to do”;

“何时开会并由某某主持”的表述为:The meeting shall be convened and presided by sb.

其中“召开”不用“hold 或call”,而用“convene”; “主持”不用“chair”或“be in charge of ”,而用“preside”;

其他事项”用“miscellaneous”, 而不用“other matters/events”; “理解合同”用“construe a contract” 或“comprehend a contract”,而不用“understand a contract”;

“认为”用“deem”,用“consider”少,不用“think”或“believe”;

篇二:涉外合同的语言特色

涉外合同的语言特色 Date:2006-6-17

一、多用正式或法律上的用词,比如:

At the request of Party B, Party A agrees to send technicians to assist Party B to install the equipment.

应乙方要求,甲方同意派遣技术人员帮助乙方安装设备。 assist 较 help 正式;

The personnel shall not to partake in any political activities in Iraq.

所有人员不得参加伊拉克国内的任何政治活动。partake in 较 take part in 正式;

The Employer shall render correct technical guidance to the personnel.

雇主应该对有关人员给予正确技术指导。 render 较 give 正式;

Party A shall repatriate the patient to China and bear the cost of his passage to Guangzhou.

甲方应将病人遣返中国并负责其返回广州的旅费。 repatriate 较 send back 正式;

This Contract shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of China.

本合同受中国法律管辖,并按中国法律解释。construe 较 explain, interpret 正式;

The Employer may object to and require the Contractor to replace forthwith any of its authorized representatives who is incompetent.

雇主认为承包人委派的授权代表不合格时,可以反对并要求立即撤换。require较ask正式;公文体forthwith 较 at once 正式;

The Chairperson may convene an interim meeting based on a proposal made by one-third of the total number of directors.

董事长可以根据董事会过1/3董事的提议而召集临时董事会议。convene, interim 都是正式用词。

In case one party desires to sell or assign all or part of its investment subscribed, the other party shall have the preemptive right.

如一方想出售或转让其投资之全部或部分,另一方有优先购

涉外合同语态特点

买权。法律用词assign 较 transfer 正式.

In processing transactions, the manufacturers shall never have title either to the materials or the finished products.

加工贸易中,厂方无论是对原料还是成品都无所有权。 法律用词title 较 ownership 正式.

The term "Effective date" means the date on which this Agreement is duly executed by the parties hereto.

“生效期”指双方合同签字的日子。 法律用词execute 较 sign 正式.

与口头表述不同,合同是法律性的正式书面文件,使用正式的、法律的用词是必要的。合同起草者应多加强这方面的学习。

用词方面(2)

二、多使用"here","there","where"等前缀:

hereafter = after this time; 今后

hereby = by means/reason of this; 特此

herein = in this; 此中,于此

hereinafter = later in this contract; 在下文

thereafter = afterwards; 此后,后来

thereby = by that means; 因此;由此;在那方面

therein = from that; 在那里;在那点上

thereinafter = later in the same contract; 以下;在下文

whereby = by what; by which; 由是;凭那个

wherein = in what; in which; 在哪里;在哪点上

??

是不是有点头昏眼花?初学时确实容易搞混,告诉你个小窍门,here 代表 this,there 代表 that,where 代表 what/which,就容易记多了。

用词方面(3)

三、多用"shall"代替"will"或"should"加强语气和强制力。

This Contract shall become effective upon and from the date on which it is signed.

本合同签字生效。

This Contract shall be written in English in four copies. Each party shall keep two copies.

本合同应以英文写成,一式四份,双方各持两份。

合同中,shall并非单纯表示将来时,而常用来表示法律上可强制执行的义务,具有约束力,宜译为“应”、“应该”、“必须”; will无论语气还是强制力要比shall弱,宜译为“将”、“原”、“要”;should通常只用来表示语气较强的假设、比如“万一”。

用语方面(1)

一、力求严谨,明白无误:

The following documents shall be deemed to form and be read and construed as an integral part of this Contract.

下列文件应被认为、读作、解释为本合同的组成部分;

This Contract can only be altered, amended or supplemented in accordance with documents signed and sealed by authorized representatives of both parties.

本合同只能按照双方授权代表签名盖章的文件进行修改或增补;

All activities of ABC Co. shall be governed by the laws, decrees and pertinent rules and regulations of China.

ABC公司的一切活动必须受中国的法律、法令和有关规章条例的管辖。

二、多用主动语态,少用被动语态:

Party B is hereby appointed by Party A as its exclusive sales agent in Singapore. (不宜)

乙方被甲方委托为在新加坡的独家销售代理商;

Party A hereby appoints Party B as its exclusive sales agent in Singapore. (适宜)

甲方委托乙方为在新加坡的独家销售代理商;

三、多用现在时,少用将来时,尽管很多条款规定的是合同签订以后的事项:

Licensee may terminate this Contract 90 days after a written notice thereof is sent to Licensor upon the happening of one of the following events:

当有下列事件之一发生,被许可人提前90天向许可人发送书面通知后,可以终止合同:

Licensor becomes insolvent or a liquidator of Licensor is appointed;

许可人无力偿付债务或其破产清算人以被指定;

The patent described in Article 2 is not issued within 30 days from signing this Contract; and

第二条规定的专利未在签约后30天之内发布;

Licensor fails to perform its obligations under this Contract.

许可人未能履行其合同义务。

四、直接表达方式用得多,间接表达方式用的较少:

This Article does not apply to bondholders who have not been paid in full. (用得少)

本条款不适用于尚未全部偿付的债券持有者。

This Article applies only to bondholders who have been paid in full. (用得多)

本条款只适用于已全部偿付的债券持有者。

五、尽量使用一个动词,避免使用“动词+名词+介词”的同意短语:

Party A shall make an appointment of its representative within 30 days after signing the Contract.

甲方应于签约后30天内指派其授权代表。宜用appoint代替 make an appointment of.

Party A will give consideration to Party B's proposal of exclusive agency.

甲方愿意考虑乙方独家代理的建议。宜用consider代替give consideration to.

六、下列特殊用语使用频繁(1):

WHEREAS 鉴于

正式而重要的合同,尤其是英美法系的合同,多用它在前文中引出签约背景和目的,起连词作用:

WHEREAS the Employer is desirous that manpower can be rendered available for the construction of High-Rise Residential Complex in Baghdad, Iraq;

鉴于雇主欲请劳动力建造伊拉克巴格达的高层住宅综合大楼;

WHEREAS the Contractor is desirous to provide the manpower for the Works;

鉴于承包人想为此工程提供劳动力;

WITNESS 证明

在合同前文中常用作首句的谓语动词:

This Agreement, made by ...

WITNESSES

WHEREAS..., it is agreed as follows:

本协议由??签订证明:鉴于??特此达成协议如下:

IN WITNESS WHEREOF 作为所协议事项的证据:

该短语常用于合同的结尾条款:

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties have executed this Contract in duplicate by their duly authorized representatives on the date first above written.

作为所协议事项的证据,双方授权代表于上面首次写明的日期正式签订本协议一式两份。

六、下列特殊用语使用频繁(2):

IN CONSIDERATION OF 以??为约因/报酬

约因是英美法系的合同有效成立要件之一,没有则合同不能依法强制履行。但是,大陆法系的合同则无此规定。

Now Therefore, in consideration of the premises and the covenants herein, contained, the parties hereto agree as follows:

兹以上述各点和契约所载条款为约因,订约双方协议如下:

In consideration of the payment to be made by Party A to Party B, Party B hereby covenants with Party A to complete the building in conformity with the provisions of the Contract.

乙方特此立约向甲方保证按合同规定完成工程建设,以取得甲方所付的报酬。

NOW, THEREFORE 兹特

此短语用于WHEREAS条款之后引出具体协议事项的常用开头语,并与其后hereby的结合。如果无HEREAS条款,则本短语可省略:

NOW, THEREFORE, it's hereby agreed and understood as follows;

兹特协议和谅解如下:

NOW THESE PRESENTS WITNESS 兹特立约为据

本句话也是用于WHEREAS条款之后引出具体协议事项。

PRESENTS = the present writings 是主语,WITNESS是谓语:

NOW THESE PRESENTS WITNESS that it is hereby agreed between the parties hereto as follows:

兹特立约为据,并由订约双方协议如下:

IN THE PRESENCE OF 见证人

本短语只在有见证人时使用—在订约双方当事人签名的下方由见证人签名作证,一般是相关的律师(Attorney)或公证处(Notary Public):

IN THE PRESENCE OF the parties hereto have hereunder set their respective hands and seals:

作为协议事项的证据,订约双方各自签名盖章如下:

篇三:涉外商务英语合同的六个语言特色

第一部分、用词方面

多用正式或法律上的用词,与口头表述不同,合同是法律性的正式书面文件,使用正式的、法律的用词是必要的。合同起草者应多加强这方面的学习。比如:

1、At the request of Party B, Party A agrees to send technicians to assist Party B to install the equipment.

应乙方要求,甲方同意派遣技术人员帮助乙方安装设备。assist 较 help 正式;

2、The personnel shall not to partake in any political activities in Iraq.

所有人员不得参加伊拉克国内的任何政治活动。partake in 较 take part in 正式;

3、The Employer shall render correct technical guidance to the personnel.

雇主应该对有关人员给予正确技术指导。render 较 give 正式;

4、Party A shall repatriate the patient to China and bear the cost of his passage to Guangzhou.

甲方应将病人遣返中国并负责其返回广州的旅费。repatriate 较 send back 正式;

5、This Contract shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of China.本合同受中国法律管辖,并按中国法律解释。construe 较 explain,interpret 正式;

6、The Employer may object to and require the Contractor to replace forthwith any of its authorized representatives who is incompetent.

雇主认为承包人委派的授权代表不合格时,可以反对并要求立即撤换。require较ask正式;公文体forthwith 较 at once 正式;

7、The Chairperson may convene an interim meeting based on a proposal made by one-third of the total number of directors.

董事长可以根据董事会过1/3董事的提议而召集临时董事会议。convene,interim 都是正式用词。

8、In case one party desires to sell or assign all or part of its investment subscribed, the other party shall have the preemptive right.

如一方想出售或转让其投资之全部或部分,另一方有优先购买权。法律用词assign 较 transfer 正式。

9、In processing transactions, the manufacturers shall never have title either to the materials or the finished products.

加工贸易中,厂方无论是对原料还是成品都无所有权。 法律用词title 较 ownership 正式。

10、The term "Effective date" means the date on which this Agreement is duly executed by the parties hereto.

“生效期”指双方合同签字的日子。 法律用词execute 较 sign 正式。

第二部分、用词方面

多使用"here","there","where"等前缀,下面这么多是不是有点头昏眼花?初学时确实容易搞混,告诉你个小窍门,here 代表 this,there 代表 that,where 代表 what/which,就容易记多了。

hereafter = after this time; 今后

hereby = by means/reason of this; 特此

herein = in this; 此中,于此

hereinafter = later in this contract; 在下文

thereafter = afterwards; 此后,后来

thereby = by that means; 因此;由此;在那方面

therein = from that; 在那里;在那点上

thereinafter = later in the same contract; 以下;在下文

whereby = by what; by which; 由是;凭那个

wherein = in what; in which; 在哪里;在哪点上

……

第三部分、用词方面

多用"shall"代替"will"或"should"加强语气和强制力。合同中,shall并非单纯表示将 来时,而常用来表示法律上可强制执行的义务,具有约束力,宜译为“应”、“应该”、“必须”; will无论语气还是强制力要比shall弱,宜译为“将”、“原”、“要”;should通常只用来表示语气较强的假设、比如“万一”。

1、This Contract shall become effective upon and from the date on which it is signed.本合同签字生效。

2、This Contract shall be written in English in four copies. Each party shall keep two copies.本合同应以英文写成,一式四份,双方各持两份。

第四部分、用语方面

一、力求严谨,明白无误:

1、The following documents shall be deemed to form and be read and construed as an integral part of this Contract.

下列文件应被认为、读作、解释为本合同的组成部分;

2、This Contract can only be altered, amended or supplemented in accordance with documents signed and sealed by authorized representatives of both parties.

本合同只能按照双方授权代表签名盖章的文件进行修改或增补;

3、All activities of ABC Co. shall be governed by the laws, decrees and pertinent rules and regulations of China.

ABC公司的一切活动必须受中国的法律、法令和有关规章条例的管辖。

二、多用主动语态,少用被动语态:

1、Party B is hereby appointed by Party A as its exclusive sales agent in Singapore. (不宜)乙方被甲方委托为在新加坡的独家销售代理商;

2、Party A hereby appoints Party B as its exclusive sales agent in Singapore. (适宜)甲方委托乙方为在新加坡的独家销售代理商;

三、多用现在时,少用将来时,尽管很多条款规定的是合同签订以后的事项:

1、Licensee may terminate this Contract 90 days after a written notice thereof is sent to Licensor upon the happening of one of the following events:

当有下列事件之一发生,被许可人提前90天向许可人发送书面通知后,可以终止合同:

2、Licensor becomes insolvent or a liquidator of Licensor is appointed;

许可人无力偿付债务或其破产清算人以被指定;

3、The patent described in Article 2 is not issued within 30 days from signing this Contract; and

第二条规定的专利未在签约后30天之内发布;

4、Licensor fails to perform its obligations under this Contract.

许可人未能履行其合同义务。

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