篇一：英语论文参考文献格式要求
英语专业本科毕业论文
参考文献格式要求
I．文内引用
（一） 直接引用
1． 引用中的省略
原始资料的引用：在正文中直接引用时，应给出作者、年份，并用带括号的数字标出页码。若有任何资料省略，使用英文时，应用3个省略号在句中标出（?），中文用6个（??）；若两句间的资料省略，英文应用4个省略号标出（‥‥），中文用6个（??）。若要在直接引用插入自己的解释，应使用方括号[ ]。若在资料中有什么错误拼写、错误语法或标点错误会使读者糊涂，应在引用后立即插入[sic]，中文用[原文如此]。下面是一些示例：
例一：The DSM IV defines the disorder [dysthymic] as being in a chronically depressed mood that occurs for "most of the day more days than not for at least two years (Criterion A) .... In children, the mood may be irritable rather than depressed, and the required minimum duration is only one year" (APA, 1994, p. 345).
例二：Issac (1995) states that bipolar disorder "is not only uncommon but may be the most diagnostic entity in children and adolescents in similar settings .... and may be the most common diagnosis in adolescents who are court-remanded to such settings" (p.275).
2．大段落引用
当中文引用超过160字时，不使用引号，而使用“块”的形式（引用起于新的一行，首行缩进4个空格，两端对齐，之后每行都缩进）。
当英文引用超过40字时，不使用引号，而使用“块”的形式（引用起于新的一行，首行缩进5个空格，左对齐，之后每行都缩进）。 Elkind (1978) states:
In general, our findings support Piaget's view that perceptions as well as intelligence are neither entirely inborn nor entirely
innate but are rather progressively constructed through the
gradual development of perceptual regulations. The chapter has
also attempted to demonstrate the applicability of Piaget's
theory to practical issues by summarizing some research growing
out of an analysis of beginning reading. (p.183)
（二）间接引用
1．基本格式
同作者在同一段中重复被引用时，第一次必须写出日期，第二次以后则日期可省略。
a.英文文献：In a recent study of reaction times, Walker (2000)
described the method?Walker also found?。
b.中文文献：李福印（2004）提出概念隐喻的重要性，?；李福印同时建
议?。
2. 单一作者
a. 英文文献：姓氏（出版或发表年代）或（姓氏，出版或发表年代）。 例如：Porter (2001)?或?(Porter, 2001)。
b. 中文文献：姓名（出版或发表年代）或（姓名，出版或发表年代）。 例如：杨惠中（2011）?或?（杨惠中，2011）。
3．两个作者
英文引用时，在圆括号内使用两名作者的姓氏，并使用“&”来连接，在正文中，使用“and”连接两名作者。
中文引用时，在圆括号内使用两名作者的姓名，并用顿号“、”来连接，在正文中，使用 “和”、“与”、“及”等字连接两名作者。
例如：
(Smith & Jones, 1994), or Smith and Jones (1994) found....
In 1994 Smith and Jones researched.... Always cite both names in text. 陈国华和田兵（2008）认为?或?（陈国华、田兵，2008）
4．三至五个作者
英文第一次引用参考资料时，列出所有的作者的姓氏，除最后一名作者之前在正文中使用逗号加“and”、在圆括号内使用逗号加“&”连接外，之前的其他作者之间使用逗号“，”；之后引用时，英文用第一个作者的姓随之以“et al.”。
中文第一次引用参考资料时，列出所有作者的姓名，除最后两名作者之间用“和”连接外，之前的其他作者之间使用顿号“、”；之后引用时，用第一名作者加“等”字。
例如：
Strasburger, Jorgensen, and Randles (1996) found differences.... (第一次使用).
Strasburger et al. (1996) also created tests.... (在段落中第二次使用).
Starsburger et al. found discrepancies.... (此时省略年份).
卫乃兴、李文中与濮建忠（2005）指出?或?（卫乃兴、李文中、濮建忠，2005）。（第一次使用）
卫乃兴等（2005）指出?或?（卫乃兴等，2005）。（第二次使用）
5．六个作者及以上
使用英文时，只用第一个人的姓氏加“et al.”；使用中文时，只列出第一名作者的姓名，再加上“等”。
例如：
Pouliquen et al. (2003)??或??(Pouliquen et al., 2003)
王洪俊等（2007）?或?(王洪俊等,2007)
6．团体作者
使用中文时，第一次用全称，比如，（首都师范大学教育科学学院[首师大教科院]，2001）；之后可以用简称，比如，首师大教科院（2001）的调查表明??。
使用英文时，第一次引用时，拼出团体，比如, (National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 1996)；以后用团体缩写加年份表示，比如，The NIMH (1996) examined....。
7．没有作者的文献
当一部作品没有作者时，在文中引用参考文献目录单中的前几个字（通常是标题）和年份。比如，一项关于成年人抑郁症的调查（“Study Finds”, 1997）报告??。
当某作品的作者列为“Anonymous”、中文使用“匿名”或“无名氏”时，英文引用时用“Anonymous”加逗号及年份，即(Anonymous, 1997)，中文用“匿名”加逗号及年份，即（匿名，1997）。
8．英文文献作者姓氏相同
英文文献作者姓氏相同時，相同姓氏之作者于论文中引用时均引用全名，以避免混淆。
例如：R. D. Luce (1995) and G. E. Luce (1988)?。
9．多篇文献
a. 多篇文献，同一作者
若一作者有多篇你想引用的文献，只需用逗号“，”来区隔作品的发表年份（最早到最晚依序排列）。若多篇文献在同一年内发表，请在年份后面加上a、b、c??等标注。（按：abc的使用需与参考文献部分有所对应，而这些文献的编排以标题名称的字母来决定。）
例如：
1）A recent study found a possible genetic cause of alcoholism (Pauling, 2004, 2005a, 2005b).
2）Pauling (2004, 2005a, 2005b) conducted a study that discovered a possible genetic cause of alcoholism
b.多篇文献，多位作者
文献依姓氏字母（笔画）、出版年代等顺序排列，不同作者之间用分号“；”分开，相同作者不同年代之文献用逗号“，” 分开。
例如：?(Pautler, 1992; Razik & Swanson, 1993a, 1993b)。
例如：?（董伟，2010；周音，2011a，2011b）。
II． 参考文献
所有的参考文献使用“悬挂缩进”格式。参考文献按照作者姓的字母或拼音顺序排列于文后，参考文献的序号左顶格，并用数字加方括号表示，如[1]、
[2]、?。排列顺序为先列英文文献，后列中文文献（如有中文参考文献的话）。英文文献使用英文标点符号，而中文文献则应使用中文标点符号。
1．著作类文献的基本格式
（1）独立作者的文献的格式
[序号]+空格+姓名（英文：作者姓+逗号+空格+作者名字的首字母）+点+空格+(出版年代)+点+专著名称（英文斜体）+[参考文献标识]+点+空格+出版地点+冒号+空格+出版公司+点。英文书名的每个单词（冠词和介词除外，除非在句首）的首字母都要大写，标点一律用西文标点。
中文文献的格式为：[序号]+空格+作者姓名+空格+(出版年代)+句号+专著名称（须加书名号）+[参考文献标识]+句号+出版地点+冒号+空格+出版公司+句号。
[1] 陈福康(2000)。《中国译学理论史稿》[M]。上海: 上海外语教育出版社。
[2] Booth, C.(1983). The Rhetoric of Fiction [M]. England: Penguin Books.
（2）同一作者同年出版的两种或两种以上的文献
[3] 周兆祥 (1996a)。《翻译人与人生》[M]。香港: 商务印书馆。
[4] 周兆祥 (1996b)。《翻译初阶》[M]。香港: 商务印书馆。
[5] Newmark, P.(1988a). Approaches to Translation [M]. London: Prentice
Hall International Ltd..
[6] Newmark, P.(1988b). A Textbook of Translation [M]. London: Prentice
Hall International Ltd..
（3）两位、三位作者的文献
两位、三位作者的文献,英文的后两位作者姓名之间用&连接；使用中文时，两名作者之间使用“和”连接。
[7] 顾嘉祖、陆升、郑立信（1990）。《语言与文化》[M]。上海: 上海外语教
育出版社。
[8] Fabb, N.,& Durant.A.(2003).How to Write Essays, Dissertations and
Theses in Literary Studies [M]. 成都：四川大学出版社.
篇二：国外应用文和学术论文的格式
Application paper
The purpose of the application paper is to give you an opportunity to apply the concepts of psychology to your everyday life. The application paper requires you to integrate a theory from the information we've studied with an event or events from your personal experience. In other words, you are to use a theory to analyze and to explain something that has taken place in your life. This is not a theoretical review paper nor is it a simple report of a personal experience. An in-depth review of the theoretical material that you are going to discuss is not necessary. This is simply repeating what I can find in our text or in class notes. It would be unnecessary work for you to use space to provide an in-depth review of material already available. Instead, your task becomes one of using this knowledge to consider viable explanations for your and/or others' behavior. You want to use your example as an illustration of the theory you've chosen, with your goal being to convince me that you actually do understand what the theory and concepts are all about.
*Technical presentation covers :
* Paper Title
* The Abstract
* The Introduction
* Related Work
* The Body
* Performance Experiments
* The Conclusions * Future Work * The Acknowledgements * Citations * Appendices
* Grammar and Small-Scale Presentation Issues * Mechanics
* Versions and Distribution
Tips for Writing Technical Papers
, January 2006 ? Here are the notes from a presentation I gave at the Friday lunch, 1/27/06, with a few (not many) revisions when I reprised the talk on 12/4/09. The presentation covered: ?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
? Running Example
As a running (fictitious!) example, suppose you've designed and run experiments with a new algorithm for external multipass merge-sort. Your algorithm reduces the complexity from O(n log n) to O(n), under the premise that it's acceptable to have some bounded "unsortedness" in the result. You plan to write up the results for submission to a major conference.
Note: This example was used throughout the live presentation but I haven't followed through much in these notes. Thus, the notes include several exercises for the reader.
Paper Title
Titles can be long and descriptive:Linear-Time External Multipass Sorting ?
with Approximation Guarantees
or short and sweet:
? Approximate External Sort
Here's a middle-of-the-road length, plus a cute name that sticks in people's minds:
? Floosh: A Linear-Time Algorithm for Approximate External Sort
The Abstract
State the problem, your approach and solution, and the main contributions of the paper. Include little if any background and motivation. Be factual but comprehensive. The material in the abstract should not
(Exercise: Write an abstract for the multiway sort example.)
The Introduction
The Introduction is crucially important. By the time a referee has finished the Introduction, he's probably made an initial decision about whether to accept or reject the paper -- he'll read the rest of the paper looking for evidence to support his decision. A casual reader will continue on if the Introduction captivated him, and will set the paper aside otherwise. Again, the Introduction is crucially important.Here is the 's patented five-point structure for Introductions. Unless there's a good argument against it, the Introduction should consist of five paragraphs answering the following five questions:
? What is the problem?
? Why is it interesting and important?
? Why is it hard? (E.g., why do naive approaches fail?)
? Why hasn't it been solved before? (Or, what's wrong with previous proposed solutions? How does mine differ?)
? What are the key components of my approach and results? Also include any specific limitations.
(Exercise: Answer these questions for the multiway sort example.)
Then have a final paragraph or subsection: "Summary of Contributions". It should list the major contributions in bullet form, mentioning in which sections they can be found. This material doubles as an outline of the rest of the paper, saving space and eliminating redundancy.
(Exercise: Write the bullet list for the multiway sort example.) Related Work
The perennial question: Should related work be covered near the ?
beginning of the paper or near the end?Beginning, if it can be short yet detailed enough, or if it's critical to take a strong defensive stance about previous work right away. In this case Related Work can be either a subsection at the end of the Introduction, or its own Section 2.
? End, if it can be summarized quickly early on (in the Introduction or Preliminaries), or if sufficient comparisons require the technical content of the paper. In this case Related Work should appear just before the Conclusions, possibly in a more general section "Discussion and Related Work".
The Body
Guideline #1: A clear new important technical contribution should have been articulated by the time the reader finishes page 3 (i.e., a quarter of the way through the paper).
Guideline #2: Every section of the paper should tell a story. (Don't, however, fall into the common trap of telling the entire story of how you arrived at your results. Just tell the story of the results themselves.) The story should be linear, keeping the reader engaged at every step and looking forward to the next step. There should be no significant interruptions -- those can go in the
Appendix; see below.
Aside from these guidelines, which apply to every paper, the structure of the body varies a lot depending on content. Important components are:
? Running Example: When possible, use a running example throughout the paper. It can be introduced either as a subsection at the end of the Introduction, or its own Section 2 or 3 (depending on Related Work).
? Preliminaries: This section, which follows the Introduction and possibly Related Work and/or Running Example, sets up notation and terminology that is not part of the technical contribution. One important function of this section is to delineate material that's not original but is needed for the paper. Be concise -- remember the critical rule of thumb.
? Content: The meat of the paper includes algorithms, system descriptions, new language constructs, analyses, etc. Whenever possible use a "top-down" description: readers should be able to see where the material is going, and they should be able to skip ahead and still get the idea.
Performance Experiments
We could have an entire treatise on this topic alone and I am surely not the expert. Here are some random thoughts:
?
?
?
? Many conferences expect experiments. It's easy to do "hokey" or meaningless experiments, and many papers do. It's easy to craft experiments to show your work in its best light, and most papers do. What should performance experiments measure? Possiblities:
o .. Pure running time
o .. Sensitivity to important parameters
o .. Scalability in various aspects: data size, problem complexity, ...
o .. Others?
? What should performance experiments show? Possibilities:
o .. Absolute performance (i.e., it's acceptable/usable)
o .. Relative performance to naive approaches
o .. Relative performance to previous approaches
o .. Relative performance among different proposed approaches
o .. Others?
The Conclusions
In general a short summarizing paragraph will do, and under no circumstances should the paragraph simply repeat material from the Abstract or Introduction. In some cases it's possible to now make the original claims more concrete, e.g., by referring to quantitative performance results. Future Work
篇三：英文引用及参考文献格式要求
英文引用及参考文献格式要求
一、参考文献的类型
参考文献（即引文出处）的类型以单字母方式标识，具体如下：
M——专著C——论文集N——报纸文章
J——期刊文章D——学位论文R——报告
对于不属于上述的文献类型，采用字母“Z”标识。
对于英文参考文献，还应注意以下两点：
①作者姓名采用“姓在前名在后”原则，具体格式是：姓，名字的首字母.如：MalcolmRichardCowley应为：Cowley,M.R.，如果有两位作者，第一位作者方式不变，&之后第二位作者名字的首字母放在前面，姓放在后面，如：FrankNorris与IrvingGordon应为：Norris,F.&I.Gordon.；
②书名、报刊名使用斜体字，如：MasteringEnglishLiterature，EnglishWeekly。
二、参考文献的格式及举例
1.期刊类
【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[J].刊名，出版年份，卷号（期号）：起止页码.
【举例】
[1]王海粟.浅议会计信息披露模式[J].财政研究，2004,21(1)：56-58.
[2]夏鲁惠.高等学校毕业论文教学情况调研报告[J].高等理科教育，2004(1):46-52.
[3]Heider,E.R.&D.C.Oliver.Thestructureofcolorspaceinnamingandmemoryoftwolanguages[J].ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearch,1999,(3):62–67.
2.专著类
【格式】[序号]作者.书名[M].出版地：出版社，出版年份：起止页码.
【举例】[4]葛家澍，林志军.现代西方财务会计理论[M].厦门：厦门大学出版社，2001：42.
[5]Gill,R.MasteringEnglishLiterature[M].London:Macmillan,1985:42-45.
3.报纸类
【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[N].报纸名，出版日期（版次）.
【举例】
[6]李大伦.经济全球化的重要性[N].光明日报，1998-12-27(3).
[7]French,W.BetweenSilences:AVoicefromChina[N].AtlanticWeekly,198715(33).
4.论文集
【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[C].出版地：出版者，出版年份：起始页码.
【举例】
[8]伍蠡甫.西方文论选[C].上海：上海译文出版社，1979：12-17.
[9]Spivak,G.“CantheSubalternSpeak?”[A].InC.Nelson&L.Grossberg(eds.).VictoryinLimbo:Imigism[C].Urbana:UniversityofIllinoisPress,1988,pp.271-313.