篇一：美国论文
美国社会与美国政治选修课
题目 浅谈移民美国现象及在美华人现状
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二○一一年十二月
中国·南京
浅谈移民美国现象及在美华人现状
摘要：华侨华人是中华民族在海外的延伸和有机组成部分，是我国大发展的“独特机遇”，是我国同世界各国友好交往与合作交流的重要桥梁，也是促进世界和平与发展的重要力量。近代以来，中国人移民美国人数大幅增加。深入了解华人移民美国现象，分析其原因，现状及未来发展情况，对中国今后的发展具有借鉴意义。
关键词：美国 移民 华人 原因
一：华人移民美国的历史
在1840年鸦片战争之前，有少量中国人因贸易原因前往美国，用瓷器、丝绸等运抵美国换取墨西哥白银。1849年美国西部发现“金山”后，始有大量的中国人侨居旧金山淘金。其后，美国开发西部修筑中央太平洋铁路，华工又成为筑路的主力，许多人在艰险繁重的劳动中牺牲了宝贵的生命。由于太平天国运动，中国南方动荡不安，所以这段时期华人一般来自广东。到19世纪七八十年代时，全美已有华侨10万之众。，1868年，美国和大清签订《中美通商条约》，其第五条款规定华人愿常住美国或入籍，皆须听其自由不得禁阻。此条约为美国来华招揽大量华工开方便之门。大批华工随即涌入美国。
由于美国加州经济转入低迷，从19世纪50年代起，美国开始排斥华人，此运动一直持续到民国1943年，共计90年。在这期间，华人的权利受到践踏，华侨被驱逐、杀害的事件层出不穷。白人暴徒针对华人发起多起暴动，如1871年洛杉矶案，1880年丹佛惨案等，几乎所有在惨案中受害的在美华人都得不到合理的补偿。1882年，美国通过《排华法案》禁止中国移民.美国各地和联邦政府也颁布了各种排华法案，对中国人进行刁难。排华现象是由很多因素综合引发的，其中以政治因素为主，背后也离不开美国政府的支持。中国人竞争力强，对工资要求低，难以被同化，致使美国人对华人抱有强烈的敌意。除此之外，还有社会、道德、文化等多方面的原因。
。第二次世界大战期间，中美两国成为反法西斯同盟国，排华法案成为中美关系的障碍。1943年，罗斯福总统签署麦诺森法案，持续60年的排华法案终告结束。第二波华人移民是在1952年和1965年，美国移民法解禁之后，从台湾到美国当学生的。1970年代，台湾经济渐趋发达，此类移民于1970年代末开始减少。1977年中国大陆开始送学生往美国，此类移民在1980年代越来越多。
二：华人移民美国的原因
在通常情况下,国际间移民现象的出现,都是由移民者所在的家乡国的“推力”和他们所向往的接受国的“拉力”这两种因素的混合而决定的。这两种力推
动了人类从一个国家到另一个国家的移民热潮。1848-1882年间，大量华人赴美,有三个最主要的原因：国内经济的破坏、美国方面的劳工需求和清政府移民政策的变化。当时美国西岸在加州淘金潮期间得以迅速开发，时值中国动乱，政治情况严峻，经济动荡不隐；内有太平天国叛乱，外有鸦片战争。结果，许多贫困的华人移民因为不愿再忍受家乡贫困的生活而从广东省来到美国。有的淘金，有的修建铁路。他们情愿为预付金签下往美国长期劳动的合同。许多人把挣来的钱全寄回家，不再期望能活着回家。美国由于西部开发需要，也雇佣了大量的华工。但是1882年美国《排华法案》的通过结束了这段自由移民时期。
随着1952年至1965年美国移民法的放宽，中国移民潮又重新开始。期间由于朝鲜战争及冷战中美敌对政策，大批中国留学生留居美国。中国大陆的专业人士的移民逐渐增多，于是1977年美国政府开始允许移民定居。80年代起，由于中国经济和政治问题以及美国对人才的大量需求，导致中国人才大量流失。许多来自中国大陆的移民受惠于1992年中国学生保护法案 ，法案假定1991年时在美的中华人民共和国公民享有永久定居地位身份。97年香港回归，也有不少香港人因为担心政治动荡而移民美国。
三：现今华人在美现状
早期移居美国的华侨华人，他们很大一部分都是因为生活所迫，比如国内战乱、兵荒马乱、民不聊生。移居或者说偷渡到国外，都是为了混口饭吃而已。因此，早期在海外的华侨华人大都是靠为别人做苦力来维持自己和家人的基本生活早期的他们在海外的经济条件差，地位水平低下，所以，当他们在海外遭受暴力时，他们往往手无寸铁之力，只能任由摆布，他们当中会有很多人死于暴力或者贫困。在华人在美生存史上，二战是个重要的转折点：美国华侨华人的境遇在这次大战前后才开始有较显著地改善。战后促使美国华侨华人社会、经济和政治地位发生变化的一个很重要的内在条件是他们的儿孙后代的文化教育水平普遍提高。新中国成立后，部分留学生由于政治原因，留在美国埋头专业探索和学术研究，作出非凡成绩例如著名诺贝尔奖获得者杨振宁、李政道、朱棣文等。无形中也提高了华侨华人的社会地位。美籍华人的收入和社会地位很广泛。
。为了能在国外更好的生存着，在很多国家的华侨华人都会以各种方式团结
起来，一起面对各种挑战，比如设立唐人街，大家生活在一起，设立华侨华人协会，以共同的声音去争取更多的话语权。进入唐人街，街上挂满中国大红灯笼，到处都是中文招牌，所听都是汉语，所见的都十分有中国传统风格的装饰。还有就是在国外的华人商会，比如美国纽约华人总商会，由当初成立时相互单纯的商业经营活动，逐步发展到今日全面参与美国主流社会的政治、经济、文化等各个层面。以“团结华商，互助互利，发展经济，共保权益”为宗旨，带动华裔顺利融入美国社会是总商会长年努力奋斗的目标。近年来，更多华裔菁英积极投身公职，为华裔社区谋取福利作贡献。例如为华盛顿州长骆家辉、国会议员吴振伟、纽约州众议员孟广瑞、纽约市议员刘纯逸等。但不可忽视的是，许多住在大城市唐人街的华裔是贫穷的，上层和下层华人的社会地位区别很大。下层华人常常被上层歧视，看成未受教育的工人，非法移民。例如在圣盖博山谷，尽管蒙特利公园和圣马力诺两座城市都是美籍华人社区，地理上彼此靠近，却被巨大的社会-经济和收入差异区别开。
随着时代的发展，经济全球化，现在已经是各国文化都在交流、融合着的情况下，越来越多的人华人移民美国，并取得了国籍，由于经济水平的提高和中国国力的增强，华人在美国的地位也会进一步提高。华人在政坛日益增加的影响力也会促使美国出台对华人更有利的政策。不过华人们依然心系祖国，从这几年在国外发生的一些华人为祖国抱不平，游街等等，都看出虽然现在华人移民是种大趋势，也不管是否已经拥有别的国家的国籍，华人终究是炎黄子孙。同时，美国对华政策的变化，华人地位的提高，赴美华人数量的不断增加，也很好的从侧面展示了美国政治与美国社会。
参考文献：
①李连广，《1848—1882年华人移民美国原因探析》，黑龙江教育学院学报，2005
②庄国土：《对近 20 年来华人国际移民活动的几点思考》 1997年，第二期
③百度百科（baike.baidu.com）
篇二：美国社会与文化论文
The globalization of America
--- Why can NBA operate so well ?
姓名：张志鹏
班号：05班
学号：10327029
专业：微电子学
学院：物理科学与工程技术学院
Abstract:As every country contacts closely,globalization become an irreversible trend .Because America is the most developed country in global economy and culture,it has naturally become the most active areas of globalization.Why can the U.S NBA operates so well?Why can NBA become the world's highest level of basketball league?This article will explore the NBA's development model and know the globalization of America,and sums up the success factors of globalization. Key words:globalization NBA success
Form 1946 to today, NBA has successfully become one of the world's most global organization ,and has great commercial value,which is a successful example of globalization of sports.NBA not only has huge economic benefits,but also has made tremendous contributions that promote the development of basketball.It creates a business model that can give us a lot of experience.Here we will explore the NBA's development model.
Ⅰ.Modern management model
NBA stands for National Professional Basketball League, which is the production of U.S. professional basketball league organizers. NBA's management system is the board system. NBA Board of Directors is the highest authority, and the structure is done by the owner or representatives of the club ,in which they raise money to operate the NBA, and they should report to the Board on time. Board of Directors use the way of voting to resolve major issues of the club and make decisions. Union's main task: to determine the number of professional clubs and reasonable distribution; decision athletes and reasonable distribution of flow; determine rules of
the game, decided to match schedules; negotiations with the national news media, television broadcast rights for the sale and the income distribution; consultations tickets and income distribution, and develop programs; supervision of the affairs of the Union.
NBA's highest authority is the headquarters Office of the President, then it is 10 departments, namely the administration of the Ministry, internal and external liaison department, events, finance, human resources, the Ministry of Legal Affairs, Ministry of basketball operations, player training department, security Services Department , in which inside and outside the Department of the Ministry and the large-scale activities Department include 6 and 4 segments. In addition to the field , NBA also set up an asset management company, an entertainment company, a television and media company and the the WNBA.
The direct leadership of the organization is the professiona(本文来自：wwW.xIAocAofaNwEn.com 小 草范 文 网:美国社会论文)l club, and the club remain independent legal personality in the club. To safeguard the common interests of the League, the club owners will be part of the exercise of powers delegated to the Union on his behalf, but they still retain some decision-making power. It is an independent business organization, in which the club owner, general manager and staff deal with daily affairs, and the club hire club coach and a few special coaches to manage the training of sports. Clubs practice self-financing in the economy. II. International players in the league
In order to open overseas markets, NBA began to recruit the best basketball talent around the world in the early 80s. In 1989,NBA has the first foreign players named Vlade Divac from the Yugoslav. In recent years, NBA aimed to attract the various players from influential countries, and gave unprecedented passion for packaging,.In 2010 - - 2011 season, it had 83 international players from 38 countries or regions , and a lot of good players has become the NBA's leading superstar. These international players in the NBA teams enhance the strength of the city,and caused the home country's fans' pursuit ,which expanded the influence of NBA in active areas.Every year's All-Star Game also have several international players selected by fans ,which attracts the world's fans. International players play an increasingly
important role in the NBA.
III. Promotional strategies of globalization
NBA attaches great importance to push the players and the game itself to overseas, and had set up overseas promotion agencies in the early time and designed a lot of plans. Back in 1978--79 season, the NBA champion Washington Bullets went to China and played two matches with the Chinese national team. In 1988, the powerhouse Celtics participated in the second session of the McDonald's Cup in Madrid, Spain, and Larry Bird, Parish and McHale chiefs and other stars showed their superb basketball skills in front of the European audience . The early nineties, NBA began to go to Mexico and Japan for exhibition games, which was even part of the regular season game held in overseas . It is worth mentioning that in the 1992 Barcelona Olympic Games, U.S. dream team united by Michael Jordan and Magic Johnson from N BA turned out, and they show the superior skills, effortlessly won the Olympic men's basketball game champion, and then the development of world basketball has had a profound impact. In addition, NBA held a McDonald Cup ,which is taked part in by all continents and the NBA championship that year and the competition is turned in all continents. Every summer, some famous players as the NBA's ambassador to the world tour of engaging in charitable activities, guide the development of local basketball ,which established a NBA good brand image through the young people in the world.A survey found that 85% of young people are the loyal fans of the NBA games, NBA's footprints exit all over the world .
IV.. International Media
NBA gives thousands of media services, and media types include newspapers, magazines, Internet, television and radio.In the 2002 - 2003 regular season and playoffs, NBA issued a record 2,454 international media cards, and 48 countries interviewed the NBA matches; in 2003 - - 2004 season, NBA program was broadcasted to the 212 countries by 151 different television partners with more than 42 different languages,and at least 3.1 billion people watched the tournament,.NBA. com is the first and the only an American professional sports league to provide the international website for the fans. As one of the NBA's important international
markets, in addition to China Central Television , the growing number of local television stations began to broadcast NBA games. NBA not only realized the scope of coverage and the global spreading,but also obtained a huge costs in television,and in the same time ,it was a great publicity for its development of globalization ,which had laid a good foundation for its development.
Ⅴ. Superstar mode
NBA operators are well knew that players are of great value to the market. When Lakers and Celtics were world hegemony, the two teams have a star - "Magic" Johnson and "Big Bird" Bird. Two legends are push to the market as the image of the league, then many fans like them and then like NBA. In 90s ,Jordan was turned out as the main players in the world to promote NBA. Jordan's charming smile, the classic tongue movements and techniques conquer the world's fabulous fans, and even basketball players in other countries, making the NBA become a truly international league. After Michael Jordan retired, Shaquille O'Neal, Kobe Bryant, Iverson, Garnett, Tracy McGrady, Yao Ming are candidates for the new NBA. Yao Ming, Shaquille O'Neal and James and other NBA superstars are essential to a team. From the 2002-2003 season, Yao Ming rised the Rockets value from 255 million to its 2005 line of 422 million. O'Neal and James' joining, also gave their respective teams to bring a similar growth. Since 2003, selected from the NBA, "little emperors" help the Cleveland Cavaliers in value from 258 million to 3.56 billion U.S. dollars. O'Neill's join, also rised the value of the Miami Heat from 236 million U.S. Dollars to 3.62 billion U.S. dollars. The impact of superstar not only in home attendance, they will lead the sales of other related products of the team. Wade continues to mature ,which gets his jersey become the NBA's best-selling, so that the maximum benefit naturally is belong to the Miami Heat teams which has all related products.
VI.Cultural attractions
Sports and culture appeal to people's consumption, and in addition to material and physical needs , more importantly, people like to mentally and psychologically get pleasure.NBA through the race the core product, conveyed a positive spiritual and cultural philosophy, which was NBA important factors for success. By the great
penetration in the economy driven ,the marriage of sports and the economy is not only a combination of form, but also the spirit of the concept of integration. Various well-known sports brand ads and the NBA ads have their agreement in the spiritual content.For example, Adidas's "impossible isno th in g", Nike's "ju stdoit", NBA's "I love thi s game", "where amazing happens", etc. It also includes relevant advertising slogan endorsed by star. These ads not only reflect the language of its own culture, but also reached an agreement with the sports spirit. This inherent cultural spirit, as adhesives,closely links the two brands ,breaking the traditional form of external cooperation. Internal consistency of the cultural spirit is the extension of their cooperation. NBA successfully give people the competitive spirit of sports culture through games, clothing, language, behavior, and many other cultural carrier , so that people get the mental and psychological pleasure and upgrade, which is one of the reason why the NBA culture is infectious .
Ⅶ.Abundant extension products
Competition is the NBA's flagship product , but the 1230 regular season games and dozens of playoff games each year is just the tip of the iceberg of NBA product. All-Star Game, NBA Draft, overseas competition, basketball carnival, Basketball without Borders, NBA training camps, basketball caravans are a direct extension product out of the race. In addition, NBA has produced and released a series of exciting video products, including video games, CDs, music and other multimedia products and so on. NBA brand has successfully expanded to other areas, including: located in New York City Fifth Avenue's "NBA shop", shop display and sell the world's most complete and suitable for all ages' NBA and WNBA licensed merchandise ; restaurant in Orlando NBA "NBA City", offers American cuisine and plays a unique multi-media programs, young and old can be here to enjoy exciting basketball, and participate in countless interactive basketball games. NBA's international business authorized more than 100 countries on 6 continents, providing fans of NBA licensed products (including sports clothing, sporting goods, football card, stationery, publications, video tapes, household goods, electronic games, toys and games, souvenirs and telephone cards) . 25% total global sales of licensed
篇三：美国文化论文
美国的妇女问题
学院：计算机与信息学院
专业：13级电子信息工程 姓名：彭乐康 学号：1306030119 日期：2016/4/10
美国妇女的政治、经济和社会地位不是一成不变的，而是随着社会的变迁、政治制度的改革国家经济的发展、人们思想的开明程度以及时代的进步而发生变化。在美国国内，妇女研究将它的基础牢牢建立在欧洲传统文化思潮与美国现代妇女运动的发展史之上，具有广泛社会影响。在教育研究界，妇女问题已经成为每一个学生、教室和管理人员直接或间接面对的议题。
北美殖民时期，美国妇女承受着繁重的农耕劳作，与男子一起开垦荒地，建立新家园。然而，由于欧洲移民初到北美时用盛行于欧洲的传统观念和习俗来治理社会，妇女的政治、经济、法律和社会地位都极其卑微。
纵观在现代化中脱颖而出的美国妇女运动分为三个阶段：1890年到1920年为第一阶段，1920年至1960年为第二个阶段，1960年至今为第三阶段。受现代社会发展的影响，美国在十九世纪与二十世纪之交上升为世界大国。大都市生活、教育的大力推广和工业化的过程等，都对传统的以农业社会为主的观念和生活方式产生了极大的影响，也使妇女自我意识的觉醒和对传统歧视和偏见的抨击达到空前的规模。
1920年妇女通过自己的抗争最终获得了政治选举权。美国的妇女运动在30、40、50年代陷入低谷。究其社会发展原因，美国的30年代是继1929年股票市场大崩溃后出现的经济大萧条期，40年代是围绕战争展开的，50年代的冷战僵局出现了令人窒息的麦卡锡主义。进入60年代，美国在越南战场的世界霸权意识处处受挫、人心涣散、人心思变，也促使妇女运动在70年代进入一个激进的发展高潮。纵观美国妇女现代发展的历史过程，固然有起有落，但妇女利用机遇、利用知识在促进自身发展的同时，也不断改善着社会的发展。
20世纪，美国妇女把政治平等权利当作奋斗的主要目标，直至美国国会通过赋予妇女选举权的宪法修正案为止。与此同时，美国妇女还以极大的热情参加各式各样的社会改革活动。无论是反酗酒运动还是反犯罪运动，无论是扶贫救济活动还是浪子改造活动，妇女都以卫道士的姿态和当仁不让的热情积极投身其中，用她们的价值观念和道德理想来匡正和消除大工业时代带来的种种社会矛盾。另一方面，进入二十世纪以后，美国现代妇女针对传统哲学和宗教思想中提出的男女之别，将妇女问题提上了重要的议事日程。首要的一个例子就是妇女的堕胎和计划生育问题。紧张的现代化城市生活，是对依从传统习俗而不进行计划生育的妇女的一项严峻挑战。与此类似，美国妇女的参政意愿收到来自社会和妇女运动内部两方面的阻力。由于根深蒂固的男女分工秩序不同的传统思想，男主外女主内。与社会上反对妇女走出家庭、反对妇女参加社会工作的理论和习俗一致，妇女的收入被看作家庭的补偿性收入，妇女很难名正言顺地要求同工同酬。
妇女问题的提出以及由此引起的对传统观念的重新审视，从某种程度上说，是妇女在配合美国现代社会去做妇女的那部分工作，不失为社会发展的一个重要标志。事实上，随着各行各业机械化、自动化程度的快速提高，美国妇女正借助手中掌握的现代化知识不停向各个行业进军。宇航业、建筑业、工程业、核电业、电脑业，没有哪一个行业能够提出足够的理由把妇女拒之门外，这是她们自强不息奋斗的结果。
应该说，美国妇女在争取男女自由平等的斗争中已取得了巨大的成就。尽管未来的道路仍不平坦，充满艰险，但凭借她们的智慧与力量，美国妇女有充足的理由在各方面争取更大的成就。