篇一：法国饮食文化英文版
French cuisine is extremely diverse, with only the Chinese having similar variety in their food. This variety is supported by the French passion for good food in all its forms, France's extraordinary range of different geographies and climates which support the local production of all types of ingredients, and France's long and varied history. In many ways, an understanding of the culture of French food is an understanding of France itself.
Meals range from the very basic, such as the traditional baguette plus cheese plus inexpensive wine, to very elaborate affairs that can involve a dozen courses and different wines consumed over several hours. Obviously, the latter type of dining is exceptional for most people. However, it is this more sophisticated dining which is typically found in "French restaurants" outside France, giving many foreigners the mistaken impression that French food is heavy and complicated. In fact, much of the French cuisine is fairly simple, relying on high quality fresh ingredients and loving preparation rather than complex recipes.
It is common in much of France to take a two hour break for lunch, with many working parents (particularly in villages and smaller towns) returning home for lunch. In some areas, mainly in the south of France, even longer lunch breaks are taken. Due to the long lunch break, businesses which close for this period typically reopen around 2PM or so and then stay open until about 7PM.
Regional influences on French food
Almost all the famous French dishes are regional specialities, some of which have become popular throughout France (such as Coq au Vin and Foie Gras) while others are mainly enjoyed in the regions in which they originate. Although regional specialities are often offered throughout France, the quality of ingredients and preparation is often superior in their region of origin.
Each region, in addition to boasting local specialities, also has a general style of cooking and choice of ingredients. For example, in Provence the food typically features olive oil, herbs and tomatoes. The evolution of regional cooking styles has been influenced by:
Local availability
The French, a nation of gourmets, know that the best food is made from local ingredients, which are fresher and of better quality than items which have been transported long distances. Consequently, coastal regions (such as Brittany and Normandy, on the northwest coast of France) will favour sea fish and will use it more often and in more varied ways than inland areas. Likewise, areas where fruit or herbs grow easily, will incorporate these into their local cuisine.
Neighbouring countries and immigration
Areas of France which border on other countries have incorporated some of the cuisine of their neighbours. It is not surprising to find Italian dishes near the Italian border. More notably, the French region of Alsace is similar to Germany in its food (sauerkraut is
popular) and wine, partly due to it currently bordering on Germany and partly due to it having been part of Germany at various points in its history (the border has moved back and forth with various wars). In parts of the south which have a large North African immigrant population one can enjoy the cuisine which they have imported from their original countries.
History and economic conditions
The culture, lifestyle and economic conditions over a long period of time have formed the development of local food traditions. The rich meat dishes and cream sauces of Burgundy are not only due to Burgundian excellence in raising cattle, but in large part to the economic prosperity of this region over several centuries. On the other hand, mountain regions excel in firm cheeses, which allow food to be preserved over the long and difficult winters, and can be produced from mountain livestock which historically were the main means of support for many families in economically limited areas.
In all parts of France one will find a range of dishes, both in restaurants and in homes, which extends far beyond the regional specialities. However, in much of France the regional influences in terms of ingredients and cooking are marked. The most available food and the best cooking tend to be those produced from local ingredients and using local recipes. Therefore, the decision of where to visit or live in France tends to influence which types of food one will enjoy.
The French Mediterranean uses olive oil, herbs and tomatoes in many of its dishes. The cuisine of northwest France uses butter, soured cream (crème fraiche) and apples. The cuisine of northeast France (Alsace, and to a lesser extent Lorraine) has a strong German influence which includes beer and sauerkraut. Throughout the south in general there tends to be more use of vegetables and fruit (in part due to the favourable climate). Near the Atlantic coast and the Mediterranean there is a greater consumption of sea food, while inland areas favoured by rivers (e.g. the Loire valley) use more fresh water fish.
The Italian connection
Any discussion of the influences on French cuisine would be incomplete without recognising the historical contribution of Italy to the development of French cooking. In 1533, Catherine De Medicis (a Florentine princess) married Hey duc d'Orleans (who became King Hey II or France). At this point, France was not know for its food or food culture. Catherine brought an entourage of Italian chefs with her to France, who introduced to France a variety of dishes, food preparation and dining practices. Although France and Italy obviously have evolved very different food cultures, both before and since this contribution, much of France's current food culture can be traced back to this time.
Cooking styles
Every region of France has its own distinctive traditions in terms of ingredients and preparation (see France Regions for further information). On top of this, there are three
general approaches which compete with each other:
Classical French cuisine (also known in France as cuisine bourgeoise).
This includes all the classical French dishes which were at one time regional, but are no longer specifically regional. Food is rich and filling, with many dishes using cream-based sauces.
Haute cuisine
It is classical French cuisine taken to its most sophisticated and extreme. Food is elegant, elaborate and generally rich. Meals tend to be heavy, especially due to the use of cream and either large portions or many smaller portions. There is a strong emphasis on presentation (in particular, vegetables tend to be cut with compulsive precision and uniformity). The finest ingredients are used, and the meal is correspondingly expensive.
Cuisine Nouvelle.
This style developed in the 1970s, as a reaction against the classical school of cooking. The food is simpler and lighter. Portions are smaller and less rich; the heavy cream sauces of the classical approach are particularly avoided. Cooking is less elaborate and quicker, with more emphasis on local and seasonal ingredients.
Cuisine du terroir.
This focuses on regional specialities and is somewhat more rustic in nature. Local produce and food traditions are the main focus.
Each of these three traditions are strongly represented in France, with each having its supporters and specialist restaurants. At the moment, Cuisine Nouvelle is less popular than it was, while Cuisine du terroir has grown in popularity in recent years.
Wine and cheese
Aside from bread and water, the most common accompaniments to a French meal are wine and cheese. Unlike other countries, in France wine is considered a standard part of everyday meals, and is neither expensive nor reserved for special occasions. With everyday meals, ordinary wines are served, although it is expected that the style of wine match the style of food.
In addition to its use in cooking, cheese is often served as a course in itself. In this case, it is served after the main meal but before dessert. This typically consists of a platter with three or four different cheeses, from which guests can slice pieces according to their preferences. Sliced bread (e.g. slices of a baguette) are typically provided at the same time.
Restaurant guides
The most famous and successful restaurant guide in France is the Michelin Guide Rouge, which has approximately 50% market share. It has enormous influence; the award of a
single star by the Guide Rouge to a restaurant can add 25% to its turnover and the loss of a star can mean financial ruin for a restaurant.
The Guide Rouge is both a restaurant guide and a hotel guide, although its better known for the former. For the towns in the Guide Rouge there is a list of the main tourist attractions and for the larger towns there is a map. In addition to having one in the house it is handy to have one in the car (e.g. if you are unexpectedly delayed on a journey and need to find a good local restaurant).
Although the Guide Rouge does not provide exact details on the criteria they use for rating restaurants, there are a number of factors beside the quality of food: service, atmosphere and value are some of the other considerations. This perhaps explains our experience that not all restaurants with the same overall rating have the same quality of food, one restaurant may have tremendous atmosphere and average food while another with the same rating may have exceptional food but little atmosphere. The Guide Rouge sometimes makes a few comments under a recommended restaurant; these are worth reading as they give an indication of what aspect of the restaurant impressed the reviewer. The comments sometimes note specialities of the house, which are often the best items on the menu.
参考译文：
法国的美食是非常多样的，只有中国有与之匹敌的食品种类。这些品种依附于法国人对所有形式美食的强烈爱好。法国不寻常的各种不同地理和气候条件，支撑着当地所有类型原料的生产和法国悠久多样化的历史。在许多方面上，对法国饮食文化的了解即是对法国自身的了解。
进餐类型可从最基本的如传统面包加奶酪加上低廉的葡萄酒，一直延伸到花费几个小时包括十几道菜和各种葡萄酒的复杂进餐。显然，后者餐饮类型对大多数人来说是少见的。不过，这是一种非常复杂的进餐，在法国以外的“法国餐厅”都能找到它。这种餐饮给许多外国人错误印象认为法国食品是浓重和复杂的。在事实上，大部分的法国烹饪是相当简单，它依靠高质量的新鲜食品材料和爱好制作成而不是靠复杂的食谱。
许多法国人花一两个小时吃午餐是很普遍的，许多外出工作的父母（尤其是在乡村和小城镇）都会回家吃午饭。在一些地区，主要集中在法国南部，甚至要花更长的午餐休息时间。由于长时间的午餐休息，这期间企业停业直到下午二点左右重开直到晚上七点左右停业。
区域对法国食品的影响
几乎所有著名的法国菜肴是区域特产，其中一些在整个法国流行（如红酒烩鸡和鹅肝），另一些则主要是在它们原产地受欢迎。尽管整个法国都能提供地区特产，但往往原产地的原料质量和制作更好。
每个区域，除吹嘘当地特产外，都会有特色的烹饪风格和原料选择。例如，普罗旺斯食物通常的特点是橄榄油，草药和西红柿。区域烹调方式演变主要受以下因素影响：
本地供货
法国是一个美食民族，它知道最好的食物是由本地原料制成的，因为它们要比那些经过长距离运输的材料有着更好的新鲜度和质量。因此，海岸地区（如布列塔尼和诺曼底，在法国西北海岸）就要比内陆地区更偏爱咸水鱼，食用次数及加工方法也会比内陆地区更多些。同样，容易生长水果或草药的地区，人们将会把它们纳入到当地的日常饮食中去。
邻国和移民
与其他国家边境相接的法国地区，把一些邻国的菜谱并入到当地菜谱中，在意大利边境地区找到意大利菜是不足为奇的。更值得注意的是，法国阿尔萨斯地区其食品（酸菜很受欢迎）和葡萄酒类似于德国，一部分原因是它目前接壤德国，一部分原因是在历史上争议它一直是德国的一部分（在战争中来回移动）。在南部地区有大量的北非移民喜欢从他们原来国家带来的菜谱。
历史和经济条件
长时间的文化、生活方式和经济条件形成发展了当地的饮食传统。丰富的肉类菜肴，勃艮第的奶油酱汁不仅归因于勃艮第养牛的卓越，大部份还归因于该地区几个世纪以来经济的繁荣。在另一方面，山区有利于制作坚硬的奶酪，这些奶酪能让食物保存较长时间和度过艰难的冬天，这些奶酪能用山区牲畜做成，在历史上这些牲畜是经济有限区域大多数家庭的主要谋生手段。
在整个法国，你会发现一系列的菜肴，不论是在餐馆和在家庭，远远超出了区域特产的范围。然而，大部分法国地区的原料及烹饪都有着自己显著的特色。最受用食品和最佳烹调术往往是那些利用当地原料和烹饪技法做成的。因此，决定在法国何处参观或居住，往往会影响到人们将享用哪些种类的食物。
法国地中海地区在其许多的菜谱中使用橄榄油，草药和西红柿。法国西北地区菜谱中使用黄油，酸奶油和苹果，法国东北菜谱（阿尔萨斯，洛林较小范围内）受到德国很强的影响，这包括啤酒和酸菜。在整个南部地区，一般往往会更多地利用蔬菜和水果（部分归因于有利的气候）。大西洋海岸附近和地中海地区对海鲜食品有很大的消耗量，而靠近河流的内陆地区（如卢瓦尔河谷）则更多食用淡水鱼。
与意大利的联系
任何关于法国烹饪所受影响的讨论若没有涉及意大利对法国烹饪发展的历史贡献都将是不完整的。1533年，凯瑟琳梅第奇（佛罗伦萨的公主） 与奥尔良亨利公爵结婚（后成为国王亨利二世） 此时，法国的食品和饮食文化还不为人知。凯瑟琳随行带来的一位意大利厨师给法国引进了各种菜肴、食品制备及用餐方法。尽管在这一贡献前后所有时间里，法国和意大利明显地演变成了非常不同的饮食文化，但法国目前很多饮食文化皆可追溯到这个时期。
烹调方式
法国每一个地区在配料和制作方面都有自己独特的传统，其中，有3个互相竞争的通用方法：
Classical French cuisine (在法国也称作cuisine bourgeoise)
篇二：论法国饮食文化
论法国饮食文化
摘要：法国的饮食文化是欧洲饮食文化的一个不可或缺的组成部分，法国饮食文化体现法国人对精致生活的态度。在这个浪漫的国度里，讲究的美食背后体现了法国社会的人文气息、历史文化传统，同时法国民族独特的生存环境、历史发展轨迹等诸多因素都深刻影响着法国饮食文化的形成。
关键词：法国，饮食文化，饮食特色
温和的气候、肥沃的土地、丰富的物产，以及发达的经济，都给法国的饮食文化提供了非常有利的发展基础。欧洲人认为法国菜是世界上最高级的菜，其选材广泛、用料新鲜、装盘美观、品类繁多，渗透着很深的文化内涵。在中国有“民以食为天”的饮食观点，类似的“法国人是为了吃而生存”，这句话入木三分地刻画出法国人对(本文来自：wwW.xIaocAofanwEn.coM 小草 范文 网:法国饮食礼仪)饮食的讲究已经上升到了艺术的层面。法国人除了对食物讲究色香味及营养外，还特别追求进餐时的情调，法国人甚至将饮食赋予哲学的意义，将同桌共餐视为一种联络感情、广交朋友的高雅乐趣和享受。
一、菜肴文化
法国菜在欧洲负有盛名，在欧洲的一流饭店或者餐馆所雇佣的大厨大多是法国人，由此奠定了法国菜在世界上的烹饪地位。法国人对精致生活的追求态度在饮食方面体现得淋漓尽致。早在十七世纪，法兰西王公贵族因引领着当时的烹饪技术的潮流。精致的法餐主要包括三大因素：食材上等、厨艺精湛的主厨、高雅的用餐环境。在烹调时，火候占了非常重要的一环，比如牛肉通常是烹制成六至七成熟，而海鲜不可过熟。法餐对火候的讲究，“艺术”般的菜肴搭配，选料的多样，加之不同地区的多元化菜肴和细腻的烹饪，这无不使得法餐在合理性、艺术性方面都优胜于其他西餐。另外，法国菜十分注重调料，可以说调料的使用是法国菜的精髓。常用是香料有：胡椒、香叶、龙蒿、欧芹、肉豆蔻、藏红花、丁香花等等。调味汁更是多达几百种以上，不仅讲究味道的细微之别，而且要考虑到色泽的不同，可谓是“色香味俱全”，刺激着人的每个感官，完全调动了舌头的每个味蕾细胞，令人回味无穷。在调味方面，法国人比较善于用酒，对酒与菜的搭配很是讲究。通常在餐前，他们会饮用较淡的开胃酒；在食用沙拉、汤、海鲜时，他们会搭配着白葡萄酒或者玫瑰酒；当食用肉类时，他们则会饮用红酒。
二、特色美食
法餐选材特别，在这里不得不提的是“法餐三宝”——蜗牛、鹅肝、牡蛎。这三种食材在美容抗衰老方面有一定的功效，是女性最受欢迎的法菜。
（一） 烤蜗
蜗牛被视为“肉中黄金”，其营养丰富，富含高蛋白、多种维生素、微量元素和人体无法合成的氨基酸，且低脂肪,还具有清热、解毒、消肿、平喘等作用，长期食用能养颜美容、延年益寿。在我国，蜗牛作为药用动物用于治病已有悠久的历史，李时珍的《本草纲目》中就有其药理运用的详细记载。在法国，食用蜗牛被视为时髦和富裕的象征，旦逢节日，家宴上的第一道冷菜就是蜗牛，由此可见蜗牛在法餐中占据着极高的地位。
（二） 牡蛎
在法国最受欢迎的海鲜要数牡蛎了。牡蛎含有较高的锌、铁等微量元素和丰富的蛋白质。法国人喜欢生吃牡蛎，把牡蛎的壳打开后，还可以看到牡蛎肉在微微蠕动着，再拌着红醋、洋葱末、柠檬汁调成的汁，然后连汁带肉吸着吃，味道“甜甜咸咸的”，鲜美可口！搭配着白葡萄酒，更能使牡蛎的鲜美味道激发出来。
（三） 鹅肝
与鱼子酱、松露并为“世界三大珍馐”的鹅肝是法国的传统名菜。现在最著名的鹅肝出自法国西南部和斯特拉斯堡。由于鹅肝的生产成本高，价格昂贵，所以它理所当然地成为了美食家公认的闻名世界的“高档美食”。烹饪娇贵的鹅肝对厨师的技术要求颇高，更是考验厨师对火候的掌握。虽说鹅肝美味，但却不宜多吃，因为鹅肝含有较高的脂肪，所以对于想保持身材的人还是少吃为妙。
三、点菜程序
法国人的晚餐时间大多是在晚上八点左右，一顿饭吃三四个小时。吃法餐的点菜程序通常如下：
第一步：开胃酒。在吃饭之前，法国人都习惯喝点较淡的酒开胃，尤其是聚会或是宴会时。开胃酒并非单指酒类，一般是葡萄酒、香槟、鸡尾酒、果汁、苏打水等味道较淡的饮品，这样有助于促进食欲，另外还会搭配着一些开胃小菜，比如坚果类的和一些乳酪等。 第二步：前菜。一般是冷菜，如:烤蜗牛、沙拉、冷盘、面包、海鲜、蔬菜汤或肉汤，分量都比较少。汤太烫的话，是不能用嘴去吹的，要等凉了再喝。
第三步：主菜。主菜至少会包括两个热菜，一荤一素。常见的荤菜就是海鲜及各种“肉排”，猪排、牛排等。吃主菜时，忌吃得太快，这样不仅不易消化，还有失礼仪。而且与他人一起进餐时，还要保持和别人一样的进餐速度。
第四步：甜点。甜点主要是各种口味的冰淇淋、蛋糕，还有各式的奶酪等。甜品是可吃可不吃的一道菜。
最后：咖啡。法国人通常在饭后，会喝上一杯咖啡。
四、餐桌礼仪
餐桌礼仪同样作为法国饮食文化的重要组成部分。一般用餐的餐桌是长条型的，餐具式样多样。
1、 注意仪态，要衣着整洁，坐姿端正，背挺直，脖子伸长。最重要的是手一定要保持干
净，指甲剪整齐。进餐时身体略微前倾，两臂紧贴身体，以免撞到邻座。
2、 喝汤时，要从勺子的侧面喝汤，且不能发出声音。在吃面包时，应该“吃一口掰一口”，
如果从整片面包上咬一口是非常不礼貌的表现。
3、 餐具的使用顺序是先从外向里使用,刀和勺在右侧;叉和餐巾在左侧;玻璃杯在右侧;碟
子在左侧。如果中间想休息，又不想拿走盘子，就应该将刀叉放在碟边表示暂停。就餐结束，刀叉交叉放在盘子里。
4、 在待人接物方面，用餐时，若你需要离你比较过的调料或食物，你不必站起来，可以
要求别人帮忙。
5、 在倒酒时，要距离杯口五毫米。斟酒时尽量不要超过杯子的四分之三。
五、结论
法国美食和法国人对精致生活的要求及高雅的品味有着直接的联系。法国饮食文化的传承至今，得益于法国人的对饮食的高度热忱，为此在2010年，法国还为他们的法式烹饪成功申请了世界非物质文化遗产。不管社会的发展程度如何，法国人都未曾丢失本国的古典而传统的饮食艺术。这是我们中国值得学习和借鉴的地方。飘香的世界里需要多国文化的求同存异，相互借鉴，这样才能会在发展的同时，丰富人们的味蕾。
篇三：法国独特的饮食文化
去法国留学的同学们，在这里给大家总结了一下法国饮食文化。希望出去的同学们能提前有个了解，免得在餐桌上面闹笑话哦。
360教育集团说，法国的饮食文化非常悠久，从路易十四开始，法国的饮食外交便世界闻名，在法式宴会鼎盛时期，餐桌上一次可上200道菜。法国人最爱吃的菜是蜗牛和青蛙腿，最喜欢的食品是奶酪，最名贵的菜是鹅肝，家常菜是炸牛排外加土豆丝，此外，法国人还是世界饮酒冠军，尤其是喝葡萄酒。闻名世界的法国料理，以精致豪华的高尚品味，风靡全球食客的胃，法国人将「吃」视为人生一大乐事，他们认为：美食不仅是一种享受，更是一种艺术。16世纪时的法国宫廷已有一套相当讲究的饮食文化，法国大革命后随着宫廷厨师的流落市井，宫廷料理开始在民间生根。
法国料理十分重视“食材”的取用，次等材料，做不出好菜是法国料理的至理名言，而法国料理就地取材的特色，使南北各地口味不一，因此「到什么地方吃什么菜、什么时令吃什么菜」就很重要!
法国料理的精华在酱汁(SAUCE)，因为对食材的讲究，法国人使用酱汁佐料时，以不破坏食材原味为前提，好的酱汁可提升食物本身的风味、口感，因此如何调配出最佳的酱汁，就全看厨师的功力了! 此外，法国菜也被喻为最能表现厨师内涵的料理，每一道菜对厨师而言，都是一项艺术的创作。
法国人饮食特点
对晚餐较重视。爱喝葡萄酒、牛奶、红茶等。到饭店喝咖啡和吃水果吃雪糕。爱吃牛肉、羊肉、鸡、鱼、虾、鸡蛋、各种烧肠子等。各种蔬菜都爱吃。爱饮清汤，爱吃水果(特别爱吃菠罗)。
在吃正式的法国餐馆吃饮，餐具、酒具的配合使用都是一丝不苟的。吃甚么样的菜用甚么样的刀叉，是很有研究的，所以每人面前都选了两三套。酒杯也是一样，因为在这里吃食与喝品配搭是一艺术。习惯上，餐前要喝一杯开胃酒;用餐过程中，如果吃肉要配干红葡萄酒;吃鱼虾一类的海味，要喝干白葡萄酒;餐后有些人还喜欢喝一点白兰地地一类的烈性酒。每种酒所用的酒杯都不同。看着高矮胖瘦好几个酒杯放在跟前，还真证不胜酒力的?在这里不讲究感情深，一口闷。席问大家边吃边聊，酒只是起到助兴和调节气氛的作用，却频频举杯，却都浅到即止。保持餐桌上愉快的气氛，但又不至于过分喧闹。
著名食物
面包
步入法国的城市，一家家面包店随即映入眼中，衣着整齐的店员满脸笑容，彬彬有礼地接待着八方的来客。法国人有边走边吃的习惯，儿童上学也喜欢手拿长面包，大口大口地吃。有时，他们把面包当棍棒，追逐捅打，别具情趣。在法国里买面包要自行携带盛器，因为面包露出，很少是有包装的，小孩装面包最有趣，他们将长长的面包一只只塞进隐敞的外套袋中，若无其事雀跃着回家去。
蜗牛
巴黎的美食，可以用多不胜数来形容。除本土的以外，世界其它地方美味佳肴也都可以吃到。但最受当地人推崇的，还是一些传统的法国菜。比如像闻名四海的法国蜗牛，就有几十种吃法。据说法国人每年要吃掉三亿多只蜗牛，由于生产数量有限，它的价格已上升到每打几十法郎，但有时还是供不应求。
鹅肝巴黎人爱吃的另一种食品，就是鹅肝。它的吃法也有很多种，还可以做成鹅肝酱，是极好的佐餐佳品。法国也是世界上最大的鹅肝酱生产国和消耗国，据不完全统计，每年大约要吃掉两千多吨。而且价格不菲，质量好的，要卖到每公斤七八百法郎。
奶酪
品种繁多的奶酪是巴黎人生活中必不可少的东西。据说它是200多年前，由一个牧师发明的，现在已有360多个品种。