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奥巴马与肯尼迪就职演说

小草范文网  发布于:2017-01-03  分类: 就职演说 手机版

篇一:奥巴马与肯尼迪就职演讲

thirdly, kennedy was an eloquent speaker. he is specially trained. this speech

is very powerful and wonderful. he lays his emphasis on the successful appeals to

the emotion of the listeners. for example,1.highly rhetorical ---parallelism,

antithesis, metaphor, simile, metonymy, hyperbole, alliteration. 2. invoking the

name of god, the use of biblical style. 3. use of key abstract words: faith, devotion, freedom,

liberty, courage, loyalty, belief, these abstractions are impossible to define

precisely, conquer, dare, which are inspiring and emotional. barack obamas victory speech also has some features.thirdly, lexical features. in order to adapt the message to the particular

audience being addressed, there seems to be a tendency for the speaker to incline

his/her language toward the relatively less formal, less rigid ways of speaking,

making reference to himself/ herself, introducing humor, asking for direct response from

the audience, or using some colloquial items or idioms, even some dialect words, to

appear “closer”to his/her audience. public speech is careful about of words. it

tends to use words accurate and clear in meaning. for instance: there will be setbacks

and false starts. there are many who won’t agree with every decision or policy i

make as president, and we know that government can’t solve every problem. but i will

always be honest with you about the challenges we face. i will listen to you,

especially when we disagree. and above all, i will ask you join in the work of remaking

this nation the only way it’s been done in america for two-hundred and twenty-one

years – block by block, brick by brick, calloused hand by calloused hand.英语09-4 李俊欣篇二:肯尼迪就职演说评析阅读翻译注释 首席法官先生,艾森豪威尔威尔总统,尼克松副总统,杜鲁门总统,尊敬的神父,同胞

们;我们今天庆祝的不是一次政党的胜利而是庆祝自由精神的胜利 - 这不仅象征结束 –这

还象征开始 – 意味着更新 – 也意味着变革。我在你们和全能的上帝面前宣读了将近一百

七十年前我们祖先拟定的同一庒严的誓言。现在,这世界已完全不同了。人类把消除各种贫

穷及毁灭各种形式的生活的力量握在巨手中。然而,在全球,我们祖先为之奋斗的相同的革

命信念仍然在争论之中 – 这信念:人权不是来自国家的慷慨,而是来自上帝之手。 1:the same solemn oath: i do solemnly swear that i will faithfully execute the

office of president of the united states,and will,to the best of my ability,preserve

protest and defend the constitution of the united states.同一庒严的誓词:我郑重地

宣誓我一定满怀信心地履任美国总统职务,尽我所能,维持,保护和防卫美国宪法。2:林肯:four score and seven years ago,八十七年前;肯尼迪在此借用:nearly a

century and three quarters ago接近一百七十五年前 今天,我们不会忘记我们是第一次革命的后代。在此时此地,让我们的朋友和敌人都听

到我们的讲话:火炬已传到了新一代美国人手里 – 生在本世纪,受过战争的考炼,经历艰

难困苦的和平磨炼,以我们古老的传统而自豪 – 不愿意眼看着,不容忍我们美国一直承诺

的,今天在美国及全球仍然在承诺的人权,不断地遭受践踏。

3、 let every nation know,whether it wishes us well or ill,that we shall pay

any price,bear any burden,meet any hardship,support any friend,oppose any foe,in

order to assure the survival and the success of liberty.this much we pledge – and

more.让每一个希望我们好还是希望我们不好的国家知道,我们将不惜一切代价,承受一切负

担,面对各种困难,支持所有朋友,反对一切敌人,以捍卫和争取自由的胜利。我们保证这

些 – 而且不仅如此。对偶:有意识地把词意相对的词语放在对称的结构中形成对照。结构匀称,整齐,词的

意义相反而互相衬托,使语言鲜明,使语义加强。well or ill place and time friend foeunited,littl(原文来自:wWw.xiaOcAofANweN.coM 小 草 范 文 网:奥巴马与肯尼迪就职演说)e we can not do,divided,little we can do.(第四段)if a free society can not help the many who are poor,it can not save the few who

are rich.(第六段)

it was the best of times,it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom智慧,it was the age of foolishness愚蠢 it was the epoch of belief信仰,it was the epoch of incredulity怀疑 it was the season of light,it was the season of darkness, it was the spring of hope,it was the winter of despair绝望, we had everything before us,we had nothing before us, we were all going direct to heaven,we were all going direct the other way.狄

更斯:《双城记》

tom gave up the brush with reluctance in his face,but eagerness in his heart.

马克。吐温:<光荣的刷墙工>排比:结构相同,意义并重,语气一致的词组或句子排列成串,形成一个整体。渲染,

壮文势,广文义。使文章条理清楚,论点突出。 that we shall pay any price,bear any burden,meet any hardship,support any

friend,oppose any foe,

there was a song in every heart;there was cheer in every face and a spring in

every step. mark twain:<the glorious whitewasher>

4. to those old allies whose cultural and spiritual origins we share,we pledge

the loyalty of faithful friends.united,there is little we cannot do in a host of

cooperative ventures.divided,there is little we can do – for we dare not meet a

powerful challenge at odds and split asunder. 对那些和我们有着共同文化和精神渊源的老盟友,我们保证对挚友的忠诚。团结一致,

我们在许多合作事业中将无往不胜。四分五裂,我们将一事无成。- 因为,意见分歧,各行

其是,我们就不能对付强大的挑战。对那些我们欢迎他们加入自由行列的新国家,我们保证对现我们的诺言:一种形式的殖

民控制的结束,决不能被更为暴虐的专制来代替。我们不总是指望看到他们支持我们的观点,

但是,我们总是希望看到他们强烈的支持他们自己的自由 – 请记住,在过去,那些靠骑在

虎背上愚蠢地寻找力量的人,必葬身虎腹。 1:one form of colonial control shall not have passed away merely to be replaced

by a far greater iron tyranny. 否定的转移: man does not live that he may eat but eats that he may live.人活着,不是为了

吃;但是,吃,人才活下来。

i do not think you are right. the machine did not stop for lack of oil. 2:those who foolishly sought power by riding the back of the tiger ended up inside.there once was a lady from niger(尼日尓), who smiled as she rode on a tiger.they came back from the ride, with the lady inside, and the smile on the face of the tiger. 对那些遍布在另一半地球上的茅屋荒村里,正在奋力打碎穷困锁链的各民族;我们保证,

无认需要多长时间,将尽最大的努力,来帮助他们帮助他们自己 – 不是因为共产党可能做

这些,也不是因为我们寻求他们在联合国里的选票,而是这样做是正确的。如果自由社会不

能帮助那些众多穷人,那么它就不能拯救少数富人。 对那些我们边界以南的各姐妹邻邦,我们提出特别的保证 – 在为进步而缔结成新的联

盟中,把我们良好的诺言转变成有益的行动,支持自由的人们和自由的政府摆脱贫困的枷锁。

但是,这种充满希望的和平革命不能成为敌对势力的牺牲品。让我们所有的邻邦知道,我们

将和他们一起反对美洲大陆上任何地方的侵略和颠覆。让所有其他国家知道,西半球的人民

决心继续做自己家园的主人。对联合国,这个主权国家的世界性议会组织,在战争手段远远超过和平手段这一时代,

我们最美好和最后的希望之所在,我们重申我们对联合国支持的保证 – 防止它仅仅变成谩

骂的讲坛 – 加强对新生国家和弱小国家的保护 – 扩大联合国的决议得以执行的范围。

9.finally,to those nations who would make themselves our adversary,we offer not

a pledge but a request: thatboth sides begin anew the quest for peace,before

the dark powers of destruction unleashed by science engulf all humanity in planned

or accidental self-destruction.最后,对那些一定要使自己成为我们敌手的国家,我们不是做出保证,而是提出要求:

我们双方重新开始谋求和平,不要等到被科学释放出的毁灭性的巨大威力因有意或无意的自

我毁灭而吞灭全人类。篇三:奥巴马就职演讲 奥巴马演讲分析

——排比在英语演讲中的修辞作用 美国大选前许多人都评价:奥巴马的政见并不新颖甚至有点平庸;拥有的个人财富只有

对手的几十分之一;相貌远逊于前辈肯尼迪和克林顿,而且还是非美国本土的外来黑哥......

奥巴马唯一让人嫉妒的是他拥有最能鼓动人心的好口才,这是上帝给他最好的礼物和恩赐!

不可否认,他超凡脱俗的演讲,为他竞选赢得胜利起到了至关重要的作用。奥巴马的演讲,

无论是文稿的整体布局,还是演讲言辞的融情达意,或是激情澎湃的演讲表达,都可谓精深

独到,不得不令人拍手称快。.据cnn报道。,有语言学家称,“总统当选人巴拉克·奥巴马当

晚发表的获胜演说可与很多史上著名演讲相比.”奥巴马称得上是一位杰出的演说家,在多次

演讲中,他都娴熟地运用了各种修辞技巧,可以说,“奥巴马的胜利是修辞学的胜利”(梁文

道,2008).其中,排比在奥巴马演讲中效果最为突出。鉴于排比在英语演讲中的重要性,我

们试图以美国新当选总统奥巴马的获胜演讲为例,来探讨排比在这篇演讲中的修辞效果.本

研究目的在于给英语演讲和修辞教学一些启示.同时也让学者通过领悟奥巴马的演讲技艺,

学习、借鉴,来提高自身的演讲水平。 一,排比概念及其作用“排比”在英语中的对应词为parallelism,是指为了达到修辞效果而循环出现的、句

法相似的结构—“recurrent syntactical similarities introduced for rhetorical effect

“(websters new collegiate dictionary,1977;831).英语排比具有结构整齐,节奏鲜明,

语言简练等特点.在英语演讲中运用排比旬,可以增加演讲词的节奏感和音韵美,突出演讲

者雄辩口才和强烈感情,增强演讲语言的气势,提高演讲的说服力和欣赏性.二,奥巴马获胜演讲个案排比分析 奥巴马于2008年11月4日当选为美国总统。并于当晚发表了获胜演讲.这次演讲富有

很强的号召力和感染力,唤起了民众战胜金融危机的信心和勇气。现场的无数观众被感动得

热泪盈眶.奥巴马在他的获胜演讲中熟练地运用了一系列的修辞方法,如捧比,对比,反复,

对仗,引用等,其中排比的使用次数最多.下面我们就以排比结构在奥巴马获胜演讲(barak

obama’s victory speech)中的置,选取了四个代表性的例子,来讨论其修辞效果。

(一)从句开头的排比if there is anyone out there who still doubts that america is a place where all

things are possible,who still wonders if the dream of our founders is alive in our

time,who still questions the power of our democracy, tonight is your answer.这三个排比组合句是奥巴马获胜演讲的开场白。奥巴,美国民主制度的力量”的质疑.通

过这三个排比旬,奥巴马言简意赅地表达了他获胜的意义:显示出“美国梦”的独特性和普

遍价值,显示出他的能马用自己胜选的事实回答了某些人对“美国是否凡事都有可能,美国

奠基者的梦想是否依然鲜活力,肯定了美国是一切皆有可能的地方,肯定他的获胜是对美国

政治文化传统的继承而不是背离.开场耐人寻味的排比,便已打开了选民们的心声以及继续

听下去的欲望。

(二)排比结构用在段首it’s the answer told by lines that stretched around schools and churches in

numbers this nation has never seen;by people who waited three hours and four hour...it’s the answer spoken by young and old, rich and poor, democrat and republican,

black,white, hispanic,asian,native american, gay, straight, disabled and not

disabled...

it’s the answer that led those who have been told... to put their hands off the

arc of history and bend it once more toward the hope of a better day. 首先,在前两个位于段首的排比句群中,奥巴马强调他是“设在学校和教堂的投票站前

排起的前所未见的长队”,是“等了三四个小时的选民”,是“所有美国人民”共同选举出来

的总统。他重申了自己当选总统是合法的,是由美国人民通过民主方式选举出来的.第三个

排比句群在意义上是对前两个排比句群的总结和升华。奥巴马呼吁美国人民要对美国的未来

有信心,同时暗示作为新一任的总统,他会继承美国的历史传统,让“美国梦”延续。这三

个排比句群的使用,增强了演讲的气势,有力地回击了那些对奥巴马获胜原因存在质疑的人,

同时向听众做出了有力的保证,调动了听众的积极性,激发了听众的自信心.

(三)介词短语的排比

(四)句型结构的排比for us, they packed up their few worldly possessions and traveled across oceans

in search of a new life.for us, they toiled in sweatshops and settled the west; endured the lash of the

whip and plowed the hard earth.for us, they fought and died, in places like concord and gettysburg, normand and

khe sahn.

奥巴马在该语段中抚今追昔,以排比的结构,按时间的顺序回顾了影响美国历史进程的

重大事件:建国之前的跨洋移民,建国之后的西进运动,独立战争,南北战争,第二次世界

大战等等,以此鼓励美国公民勇敢地面对金融危机给当今美国经济带来的种种困难的挑战。

该段重复了主谓句式结构,“for us” 和主语“they”,这种排比句式不仅使得上下文的意义

紧密连接,衔接自然,同时也会是语篇的整体意义在听众的头脑中留下深刻的印象,使听众

与奥巴马产生共鸣。

(五)段尾的排比

and tonight,...she’s seen...the heartache and the hope;the struggle and the progress...yes we can.at a time...she lived to see them stand up and speak out and reach for the ballot.

yes we can.

when the bombs...she was there to witness a generation rise to greatness and a

democracy was saved. yes we can. she was there. yes we can.a man...and this year, in this election..., she knows how america can change.

yes we can.

在这里奥巴马以一个106岁的老妇人参加投票为例,运用了一系列的排比来烘托现场气

氛,具有很强的说服力和感染力。连续4个“她看到了···”(she’s seen,she lived to see,

she saw, she was there to witness)和6个“是的,我们能”(yes we can),强调美国能

达成正义和平等,能获得机遇和繁荣能治愈这个国家,能补救这个世界,强调美国能发生变

革!这种以具体的人物、事例和具体的生活场景为主体构成的排比语段,真正达到了提高语言

表现力的目。这几段出现在演讲末尾的排比具有排山倒海的气势,具有强大的煽动性,把整

个演讲再次推向了高潮。在整个获胜演讲当中,通过捧比,奥巴马将有魅力的句子集中,演讲节奏分明,气氛被

一次次的推向的高潮,演讲大为增色。这些排比的运用,创造了演讲中的个个亮点,气势磅

礴,使听众的情感受到一次次的震。.

三 结语

演讲是一门劝说的艺术。演讲者要达到劝说的目的,就必须讲究演讲词的语言表达技巧,

这种技巧在语言层面的体现之一就是修辞手法的运用。排比是英语演讲中最常见的修辞手法。

国内学者对于排比的修辞效果给予了充分的肯定。“排比是英语所有修辞格中最常使用的修辞

格之一。任何学会使用并能驾驭排比及其变化的人都会发现排比可使演讲条理清楚,效果显

著,具有难以衡量的价值”(张秀国.2005) 奥巴马这篇获胜演讲中排比修辞手法的运用,成

功的达到了说服听众的目的.

(2)何晓勤演讲·劝说·诉诸·语篇 外语与外语教学.2004.(11)

(3)张秀田 《英语铬辞学》北京:青华大学出版杜.2005

(4)梁文道 《奥巴马的胜利是修辞学的胜利 》 南方周末,2008

(5)徐鹏 《英语辞格 》北京:商务印书馆,1977篇四:奥巴马就职演说的语言艺术

一、演说与修辞时下英语界一般将英语文体(或称语体)分为口头体和书面体两大类。

但实践证明,这样的划分失之粗率。其弊病在于名实难符:口头体并不仅限于口语形式,而

书面体也不仅限于书面形式。譬如,正式场合的演讲、报告,以及官方的谈话所用的文体就

不能划入口语体,而应属于书面体。演说活动自古以来就是人类社会的一项重要活动。演讲者通过宣传某种思想,让听众理

解和接受自己的观点和主张,进而号召听众采取一致的行动。演讲者要达到预想的演讲效果

必须研究演说词的语言表达艺术。演说词的修辞手法是演讲者最主要的语言技巧。修辞是从

表达方式,表达效果的角度去研究语音、词汇、语法的运用。 美国总统的就职演说是一种在特定场合下的演说。现场听众可达百万之众,并且向国内

篇二:肯尼迪就职演讲与奥巴马对比

President Kennedy was an excellent speaker and writer. Kennedy’s speech object is global, does not only aimed at the American citizen, moreover in view of international judgment. He applied various historic. Such as, alleles, repetition, alliteration, antithesis, metaphor, synecdoche. And he used the first person, let people in the same standpoint, feel comfortable, so make it easy to win their support. He aroused American’s sense of pride and responsibility. In his address, we can learn the political, social, cultural situation at that moment and appreciate the art of his language.

Firstly, Kennedy’s victory is all the people’s victory. ―We observe today not a victory of party, but a celebration of freedom--symbolizing an end, as well as a beginning--signifying renewal, as well as change…‖ Kennedy emphasized that he become the president of America is not only a victory of a party but also reflect the celebration of freedom. It symbolizing a new start which fulfill hope, freedom and equal rights.

Secondly, the new generations advocate freedom, equal rights and peace. ―…We dare not forget today that we are the heirs of that first revolution. Let the word go forth from this time and place... and to which we are committed today at home and around the world…‖ The United States had made huge profits in the Second World War. As a result, the post-war years saw a degree of prosperity of capitalist economy. The relation between capital and labor became less intense. There was a relative peace. As to the new generation, few of them have been influenced by the old doctrine of pre-world war,they witness the tragedy of war and the power of the nucleus. Americans are free—free to express to create, and ideally, to solve problems, and expect to make the world a better place. They rose with a respect, recognition for and expectation of continued freedom; they have immense freedom and their ancient people fought to have freedom.

Thirdly, Kennedy was an eloquent speaker. He is specially trained. This speech is very powerful and wonderful. He lays his emphasis on the successful appeals to the emotion of the listeners. For example,1.Highly rhetorical ---parallelism, antithesis, metaphor, simile, metonymy, hyperbole, alliteration. 2. Invoking the name of God, the

use of biblical style. 3. Use of key abstract words: faith, devotion, freedom, liberty, courage, loyalty, belief, These abstractions are impossible to define precisely, conquer, dare, which are inspiring and emotional.

Barack Obama's Victory Speech also has some features.

Firstly, related information of Obama and his Victory speech. Obama was born in Hawaii, and his father was a student from Kenya while his mother was a white Kansas. Obama graduated from Columbia University and Harvard University, and for the first time in 1996, he was elected Illinois senator while, in 2004, for the first time elected as a Senator, to become the U.S. Congress in the history of the 5th session of Congress—the only black senator. In July 2004, the convening of the Democratic Party National Congress, Obama has been designated to do the next day, ―the keynote speech.‖, which is the Democrats on the party’s program and policy statements, usually by the party’s most promising political star to make. Obama delivered the speech he wrote and published an impassioned speech. In his speech, he proposed the elimination of differences between political parties and ethnic differences, ―a U.S.‖ dream.

Secondly, grammatical features. We know that casual speech tends to use short sentences. But a glance at Obama’s speech reveals that its sentences vary much in length. there are many paragraphs only including one sentence. Though there can be several clauses in a longer sentence, they mainly come after the main sentence, which presents no great difficulty for the audience to comprehend. There are no incomplete sentences. These characteristics show the double traits of public speaking: it is formal as is required of written language, and it is yet not difficult to understand at the time of its delivery as is required of the spoken mode. For example: She was born just a generation past slavery; a time when there were no cars on the road or planes in the sky; when someone like her couldn’t vote for two reasons – because she was a woman and because of the color of her skin.

Thirdly, Lexical features. In order to adapt the message to the particular audience being addressed, there seems to be a tendency for the speaker to incline his/her language toward the relatively less formal, less rigid ways of speaking, making

reference to himself/ herself, introducing humor, asking for direct response from the audience, or using some colloquial items or idioms, even some dialect words, to appear “closer”to his/her audience. Public speech is careful about of words. It tends to use words accurate and clear in meaning. For instance: There will be setbacks and false starts. There are many who won’t agree with every decision or policy I make as President, and we know that government can’t solve every problem. But I will always be honest with you about the challenges we face. I will listen to you, especially when we disagree. And above all, I will ask you join in the work of remaking this nation the only way it’s been done in America for two-hundred and twenty-one years – block by block, brick by brick, calloused hand by calloused hand.

英语09-4 李俊欣

篇三:奥巴马就职演说演讲词的语言特单

obama inaugural speech language features 关于奥巴马就职演说词语言特色的分析_句子结构时间:2011-06-18 08:52:51 来源:句子结构 作者:秩名 论文导读::这也正是政治演说通常带有明显的宗教色彩的原因。关于奥巴马就职演说词

语言特色的分析。 论文关键词:就职演说修辞手段,宗教色彩,句子结构总统大多在美国历史上占有特殊地位,其演说亦各具特色。二百多年来,从乔治.华盛顿

到巴洛克.奥巴马,总统们通过就职演说表达其美好希望和英雄梦想,展示其雄才大略和施政

纲领。因此,很多的就职演说词不仅仅是总统个人忠诚与热情、风度与智慧的生动写照,更

是美国民族社会与历史、经济与文化的壮丽画卷,值得鉴赏和学习。 作为美国的第四十四任总统句子结构,巴洛克.奥巴马就任之际正逢全国性的经济危机,

其就职演说不可避免的也会起到表达这位新晋总统的政治思想和增加公众对于政府的信心的

作用。本文将从修辞手段的运用,句子类型以及宗教特色等多方面就这篇就职演说词的语言

特色进行分析。

一. 修辞特色

总统就职演说的主要目的是通过宣传本届政府的主要政策以唤起民众的热情,使民众认

可新政府并加以支持。各类修辞手段的运用将会使得演说更加生动和具有说服力,以达到上

述目的。

1.排比的运用

? for us, they packed up their few worldly possessions ?for us,they toiled in

sweatshops?for us, they fought and died? ?the capital was abandoned. the enemy was advancing. the snow wasstained with

blood.

2. 反复的运用

在现代英语中,反复(repetition)通常被用来表达强烈的感受,展示压抑的情感或是

强调某物的重要性(胡曙中,1993)。在奥巴马的就职演说词中,有多个词如“危机”等被反

复使用。具体分析如下: 通过分析上表可以看出,总统在演说中多次提到我们以及表示危机、精神和奋斗等意义

的词语。通过反复的强调,使整个国家的听众感受到总统战胜危机、继续推进国家发展的决

心和信心。在演说词中,较之于对“threat”的轻蔑语气,奥巴马更青睐“work”一词,这

也清楚而且强烈的表达出了他对于当前国家经济状况的政治态度和决心。与其他词相比,“we”

是使用次数最多的一个单词。在这一个个的我们当中,听众感受到与演说者的一种强烈的亲

密联系,整个国家仿佛一个紧密团结的整体,应当共同努力、共同奋斗以及共同前行。由此,

演说的目的也就达到了。

3. 头韵的运用

有魅力的语言是一定是充满韵律的。头韵是英语语音修辞手段之一,它蕴含了语言的音乐

美和整齐美,使得语言声情交融、音义一体,具有很强的表现力和感染力.它指的是在文句中有

两个以上连结在一起的词或词组,其开头的音节有同样的字母或声音,以增强语言的节奏感

(熊莉句子结构,2004)。每种文体的写作都要考虑文字读起来是否流畅和有节奏,总统的演讲稿也不能例外。恰

当的运用压头韵的修辞手段,将会是的演说词的语言抑扬顿挫、富有节奏感,从而起到感染

气氛和增强效果的作用。

二.宗教特色

宗教是西方文化不可或缺的组成部分。在历次的就职演说中,总统们通常都会希望借助

上帝的力量使得他们的演说更加充满吸引力和感染力。这也正是政治演说通常带有明显的宗

教色彩的原因。奥巴马在他的就职演说中,多次直接引用圣经中的句子来表达其政治观点,

目的在于使得本次演说更加具有说服力,鼓励民众树立对新政府迎战危机、重建更美好未来

的信心。

the god-given promise that all are equal,all are free, and all deserve a chance

to pursue their full measure ofhappiness.? we are a nation of christians and muslims,jews and hindus - and non-believers...’

in this sentence, the presidents standis shown by mentioning most of the main

religious

believes in the usa , whichwould benefit the unity of the different religious

believers and the lesseningof religious conflicts.?... with eyes fixed onthe horizon and god’s grace upon us, we carried forth

that great gift offreedom and delivered it safely to future generations.在就职演

说的最后,奥巴马总统祈求上帝的赐福,号召民众将上帝所赋予人类的自由之权世代相传,

无所畏惧迎战一切困难。

三.句式结构

与日常会话、广告词和新闻报道等不同,总统就职演说在句式结构上也有独特的要求中

国论文下载中心。在演讲中,陈述句居多,而一般很少使用疑问句,原因是虽然疑问句会使

得演讲的语言生动,但同时也会削弱演说的严肃性句子结构,因而降低演说的信服力(熊莉,

2004)。

恰当的运用祈使句可以使得演说具有极强的号召力。巴洛克.奥巴马就任之际恰逢美国身

处经济危机的关键时刻,为达到鼓励民众为经济复兴而努力奋战的目的,很显然对于当前形

势轻描淡写的描述肯定是不够的。在这种情况下,他的就职演说必须具备足够的吸引力和号

召力,才能够挽回濒临对政府失去信任边缘的民众的心。巴拉克.奥巴马总统是一位十分具有演说才能的总统,他的就职演说更是取得了巨大的成

功。这篇就职演说无论在阐述观点还是文字修饰方面都颇具功力,具有很高的政治价值和文

学价值。由于演说词庄重严肃的独特语境,虽然这篇演说是通过口头方式进行表达的,却具有

较强的书面语特征。本文通过对其就职演说在修辞手法、宗教色彩和句子结构特点等语言特

色方面的分析,意在指出修辞手段的熟练运用,对演说词的文体特征的准确把握以及此演说

富有的浓郁的宗教色彩都使它成为英文政治演说中的成功之作,不仅具有很高的欣赏价值,而

且顺利地达到了总统就职演说的政治目的。参考文献

黄任,英语修辞与写作[m ]。上海:上海外语教育出版社 ,1996。 胡曙中,英汉修辞比较研究[m]。上海:上海外语教育出版社, 1993。 胡曙中,英语修辞学[m]。上海:上海外语教育出版社, 2001。 熊莉,从就职演说词看肯尼迪演说的文体风格[j]。西南民族大学学报:人文社科版, 2004,

(6)。 王佐良,丁旺道。英语文体学引论[m]。北京:外语教学与研究出版社, 1987。 徐振忠,英语政治演说词的宗教色彩[j]。《现代外语》,1995,(3)。 姓名:段学雯

文章字数:3000图表:1个篇二:奥巴马就职演说的语言艺术

一、演说与修辞时下英语界一般将英语文体(或称语体)分为口头体和书面体两大类。

但实践证明,这样的划分失之粗率。其弊病在于名实难符:口头体并不仅限于口语形式,而

书面体也不仅限于书面形式。譬如,正式场合的演讲、报告,以及官方的谈话所用的文体就

不能划入口语体,而应属于书面体。演说活动自古以来就是人类社会的一项重要活动。演讲者通过宣传某种思想,让听众理

解和接受自己的观点和主张,进而号召听众采取一致的行动。演讲者要达到预想的演讲效果

必须研究演说词的语言表达艺术。演说词的修辞手法是演讲者最主要的语言技巧。修辞是从

表达方式,表达效果的角度去研究语音、词汇、语法的运用。 美国总统的就职演说是一种在特定场合下的演说。现场听众可达百万之众,并且向国内

外进行现场直播。美国民众及世界各国总是对新总统有着无限期待,总统的就职演说可谓是

新政府向民众交出的第一份答卷。总统要在就职演说中抒发自己的治国理想,分析国家面临

的困难和挑战,宣布自己的施政纲领以及如何实现民众的希望。各大媒体的调查表明,大多

数美国民众对奥巴马的就职演说感到满意和非常满意。本文拟从语音、词汇和句法三个方面

的修辞手段的使用情况对奥巴马的就职演说进行文体分析,探讨这篇演说词的语言艺术。

二、奥巴马演说词的修辞手段

1.音韵修辞格

(1)头韵(alliteration)是语音修辞手段之一。它是指两个以上紧邻单词首音(通常

是辅音)相同。头韵的修辞作用是增强语言的节奏感,使语言产生音乐般的美感。头韵多用

于诗歌和散文中,但人们也经常在演讲中运用头韵来增加语言的美感,加深听众的印象。同

样尾韵(end rhyme)也有类似的修辞作用。 奥巴马就职演说中运用头韵的句子有:

1)with old friends and former foes,we will worktirelessly to lessen the nuclear

threat?(对于老朋友和老对手,我们将不遗余力地继续削弱核威胁?)

2)we are shaped by every language and culture,drawn from every end of this earth.

(我们民族的成长受到许多语言和文化的影响,我们吸取了这个地球上任何一个角落的有益

成分.)

运用尾韵的句子有:

1)homes have been lost;jobs shed;businessshuttered.(我们的人民正失去家园,

失去工作,企业要倒闭。)

2)rather,it has been the risk–takers,the doers,the makers of things...(确实,

这条路是勇于承担风险者之路,是实干家、创造者之路...)朗读上述句子,可以体会到使用

头韵和尾韵给语言带来的节奏和韵律。

2.词汇修辞格

在英语词汇中含有六个字母以上或三个音节以上的词通常被看成是大词。这些词往往来

自于拉丁语,希腊语或法语,或者有着复杂的内部结构。大词在正式的书面体中出现频率较

多。 在奥巴马的就职演说词中,总词汇量为2393个,其中六个字母以上的单词就有643个,

占总数的26.8%,稍低于美国总统就职演说词中六个字母以上词的平均含词量:27.7%。从这

一数据来看,奥氏的就职演说与往届的美国总统的就职演说一样,具有很明显的口语体特征。

演讲者往往使用形容词来对某些言行进行绘声绘色的描述,以此表达自己的主观倾向,渲染

感情色彩。在奥氏就职演说中有形容词137个,占总词数的5.7%,与小布什就职演说的5.6%相近,但远远少于美国总统就职演说词中形容词的平均含词量:7.4%。 在演说中大量使用第一人称复数是许多演讲者常用的语言技巧,目的是将听众拉到演讲

者一边,将演讲者和听众放到同一立场上,让听众感受到―我们是相同‖的认同感。奥氏在

就职演说中使用―我们(we)‖有55次,其变体―our‖有61次,―us‖有21次,三项合

计有137次,而奥氏演讲全文中有129句,另加101个从句和25个并列句,几乎是一开口必

称―我们‖。美国总统的就职演说为了使语言表达更为准确、具体、鲜明、生动、有力,常

常会使用明喻、隐喻、拟人、夸张、借代等词汇修辞格帮助听众加深对事物的理解,加强演

讲的现场气氛,提高演讲效果。以下是奥巴马在就职演说中的使用情况。

(1)明喻(simile):用另一种事物比喻所要说明的事物,达到更形象、更深刻说明事

物的目的,通常用like或as连接。

1)for us,they fought and died,in places likeconcord and gettysburg,normandy and

khe sanh.(为了我们,他们奔赴像康科德城和葛底斯堡、诺曼底和克山这样的地方去征战并

且牺牲。)

2)they saw america as bigger than the sum ofour individual ambitions.(在他

们看来,美国的强盛要比个人的雄心壮志重大得多.)

(2)隐喻(metaphor):不用like或as的隐藏的比喻。

1)our journey has never been one of shortcuts orsetting for less.(我们的民族

之旅从未有过捷径或者妥协。)

2)starting today,we must pick ourselves up,dustourselves off,and begin again

the work of remakingamerica.(从今天开始,我们必须跌倒后自己爬起来,拍拍身上的泥土,

然后重新开始工作,重塑美国。)

(3)拟人(personification):把事、物、观念拟作人,赋予它们以人的思想、感情与

行为方式。

2)in the year of america’s birth?(在美国诞生的年代?)

(4)夸张(hyperbole):在真实的基础上有意言过其实以更好地反映事物的本质。

1)time and again these men and women struggledand sacrificed and worked till

their hands were raw sothat we might live a better life.(一次又一次,我们的先辈

们奋斗着、牺牲着、操劳着,直至磨破双手,只是为了我们可以生活得更好。)

2)the snow was stained with blood.(冬天的雪被鲜血染成了红色。)

(5)借代或称转喻(metonymy):不相类似的甲乙之间有着不可分离的关系,利用这种

关系以乙事物的名称来代替甲事物。

1)those of us who manage the public’s dollarswill be held to account——to spend

wisely,reform badhabits,and do our business in the light of day.(掌管纳税人税金的

人应当承担起责任,合理支出,摒弃陋习,在阳光下做事。用―阳光‖代表―公开‖、―透

明‖。)

3.句法修辞格

句法修辞格是通过对句子结构的特定安排达到特别的修辞效果。 比如奥巴马在其就职演说中使用了下列句法修辞手段:

(1)排比(parallelism):由三项或以上的词语或句子构成,其并列的结构相同或类似,

意义相关,语气连贯。

1)our nation is at war,?our economy is badlyweakened,?our health care is too

costly.(我们的国家正处在战争状态?我们的国家经济也受到严重的削弱,?我们的社会医

疗过于昂贵。)

2)for us,they packed up their few worldlypossessions and travelled across oceans

in search of anew life.for us,they toiled in sweatshops and settledthe west;endured

the lash of the whip and plowed thehard earth.for us,they fought and died,in places

likeconcord and gettysburg,normandy and khe sanh.(为了我们,先辈们带着微薄的家当,

横渡大洋,寻找新生活;为了我们,先辈们在血汗工厂劳作,忍受皮鞭的抽打;为了我们,

先辈们定居西部,在荒芜的土地辛勤耕作;为了我们,先辈们奔赴像康科德城和葛底斯堡,

诺曼底和克山这样的地方去征战并且牺牲。)

(2)反复(repetition):不止一次地使用同一词语或句子。与排比的区别在于,反复

着重于词语,排比着重于结构。

1)so it has been.so it must be with thisgeneration of americans.(前辈们如此。

我们这一代美国人也要如此。)

2)?these things are old.these things are true.(?这些东西历久弥新。这些东西

真实可靠。)

(3)对偶(antithesis):工整匀称的并列结构,常把字数、结构相同或相近,意义彼

此相关的两个词或并列结构对称地排列在一起,是表示对比关系的有效手段。

1)where the answer is yes,we intend to moveforward.where the answer is no,program

will end.(哪个方案的答案是肯定的,我们就推进哪个方案。哪个方案的答案是否定的,我

们就选择终止。)

(4)倒装(inversion):谓语置于主语之前,词序不同于正常语序的语法修辞手段,达

到强调句子中某一成分的目的。

1)they understood that our power alone cannotprotect us,nor does it entitle us

to do as we please(.他们明白单凭自己的力量我们无法保护自己,也无权做到随心所欲。)

2)we will not apologize for our way of life,norwill we waver in its defense?

(我们不会为我们的生活方式感到抱歉,也不会动摇地捍卫我们的生活方式?)

(5)引经据典(allusion):引用《圣经》的格言和美国国父们的治国理念及教导,使

听众更容易理解和接受。

1)?to carry forward precious gift,that noble idea,passed on from generation

to generation:the god-givenpromise that all are equal,all are free and all deserve

achance to pursue their full measure of happiness(.?我们秉承历史赋予的宝贵权利,

秉承那种代代相传的高尚理念:上帝赋予我们每个人以平等和自由,以及每个人尽全力 去追求幸福的机会。)

三、结语

奥巴马的就职演说词表面上是通过口头方式进行表达的,似乎是脱稿演讲,实际上是经

过了精心准备和斟酌,并且做到了藏稿于心。整篇演说词朴实无华,极少使用堂皇之词,这

与奥巴马的平民、律师、美国首位黑人总统的身份是相符的,使得他的演说更容易被普罗大

众所接受。

在这篇看似平凡的演讲中,奥巴马使用了不平凡的修辞手段来增强演讲的效果。他使用

了音韵修辞格、词汇修辞格和句法修辞格等多种修辞手段为演讲增添色彩,本文例举的数十

处例句是其主要的修辞手段,但还有一些修辞词句没有列举出来。奥巴马在演讲中娴熟地使

用了语言艺术的技巧来提高演讲的效果,他吸取了历届总统就职演说的精华,又旗帜鲜明地

保留了自己的时代感,现实性和平民性,同时,也使这篇演说词具有了语言艺术的欣赏性。 参

考文献

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[4]thornborrow,j..patterns in language:stylistics for studentsof language and

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[5]熊莉.从就职演说辞看肯尼迪演说的文体风格[j].西南民族大学学报(人文社科

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一、演说与修辞时下英语界一般将英语文体(或称语体)分为口头体和书面体两大类。

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