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浅谈涉外合同英语特色

小草范文网  发布于:2017-02-16  分类: 涉外合同 手机版

篇一:涉外商务英语合同的六个语言特色

第一部分、用词方面

多用正式或法律上的用词,与口头表述不同,合同是法律性的正式书面文件,使用正式的、法律的用词是必要的。合同起草者应多加强这方面的学习。比如:

1、At the request of Party B, Party A agrees to send technicians to assist Party B to install the equipment.

应乙方要求,甲方同意派遣技术人员帮助乙方安装设备。assist 较 help 正式;

2、The personnel shall not to partake in any political activities in Iraq.

所有人员不得参加伊拉克国内的任何政治活动。partake in 较 take part in 正式;

3、The Employer shall render correct technical guidance to the personnel.

雇主应该对有关人员给予正确技术指导。render 较 give 正式;

4、Party A shall repatriate the patient to China and bear the cost of his passage to Guangzhou.

甲方应将病人遣返中国并负责其返回广州的旅费。repatriate 较 send back 正式;

5、This Contract shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of China.本合同受中国法律管辖,并按中国法律解释。construe 较 explain,interpret 正式;

6、The Employer may object to and require the Contractor to replace forthwith any of its authorized representatives who is incompetent.

雇主认为承包人委派的授权代表不合格时,可以反对并要求立即撤换。require较ask正式;公文体forthwith 较 at once 正式;

7、The Chairperson may convene an interim meeting based on a proposal made by one-third of the total number of directors.

董事长可以根据董事会过1/3董事的提议而召集临时董事会议。convene,interim 都是正式用词。

8、In case one party desires to sell or assign all or part of its investment subscribed, the other party shall have the preemptive right.

如一方想出售或转让其投资之全部或部分,另一方有优先购买权。法律用词assign 较 transfer 正式。

9、In processing transactions, the manufacturers shall never have title either to the materials or the finished products.

加工贸易中,厂方无论是对原料还是成品都无所有权。 法律用词title 较 ownership 正式。

10、The term "Effective date" means the date on which this Agreement is duly executed by the parties hereto.

“生效期”指双方合同签字的日子。 法律用词execute 较 sign 正式。

第二部分、用词方面

多使用"here","there","where"等前缀,下面这么多是不是有点头昏眼花?初学时确实容易搞混,告诉你个小窍门,here 代表 this,there 代表 that,where 代表 what/which,就容易记多了。

hereafter = after this time; 今后

hereby = by means/reason of this; 特此

herein = in this; 此中,于此

hereinafter = later in this contract; 在下文

thereafter = afterwards; 此后,后来

thereby = by that means; 因此;由此;在那方面

therein = from that; 在那里;在那点上

thereinafter = later in the same contract; 以下;在下文

whereby = by what; by which; 由是;凭那个

wherein = in what; in which; 在哪里;在哪点上

……

第三部分、用词方面

多用"shall"代替"will"或"should"加强语气和强制力。合同中,shall并非单纯表示将 来时,而常用来表示法律上可强制执行的义务,具有约束力,宜译为“应”、“应该”、“必须”; will无论语气还是强制力要比shall弱,宜译为“将”、“原”、“要”;should通常只用来表示语气较强的假设、比如“万一”。

1、This Contract shall become effective upon and from the date on which it is signed.本合同签字生效。

2、This Contract shall be written in English in four copies. Each party shall keep two copies.本合同应以英文写成,一式四份,双方各持两份。

第四部分、用语方面

一、力求严谨,明白无误:

1、The following documents shall be deemed to form and be read and construed as an integral part of this Contract.

下列文件应被认为、读作、解释为本合同的组成部分;

2、This Contract can only be altered, amended or supplemented in accordance with documents signed and sealed by authorized representatives of both parties.

本合同只能按照双方授权代表签名盖章的文件进行修改或增补;

3、All activities of ABC Co. shall be governed by the laws, decrees and pertinent rules and regulations of China.

ABC公司的一切活动必须受中国的法律、法令和有关规章条例的管辖。

二、多用主动语态,少用被动语态:

1、Party B is hereby appointed by Party A as its exclusive sales agent in Singapore. (不宜)乙方被甲方委托为在新加坡的独家销售代理商;

2、Party A hereby appoints Party B as its exclusive sales agent in Singapore. (适宜)甲方委托乙方为在新加坡的独家销售代理商;

三、多用现在时,少用将来时,尽管很多条款规定的是合同签订以后的事项:

1、Licensee may terminate this Contract 90 days after a written notice thereof is sent to Licensor upon the happening of one of the following events:

当有下列事件之一发生,被许可人提前90天向许可人发送书面通知后,可以终止合同:

2、Licensor becomes insolvent or a liquidator of Licensor is appointed;

许可人无力偿付债务或其破产清算人以被指定;

3、The patent described in Article 2 is not issued within 30 days from signing this Contract; and

第二条规定的专利未在签约后30天之内发布;

4、Licensor fails to perform its obligations under this Contract.

许可人未能履行其合同义务。

篇二:涉外英语合同的语言特色

涉外英语合同的语言特色

一、多用正式或法律上的用词,比如:

At the request of Party B, Party A agrees to send technicians to assist Party B to install the equipment.

应乙方要求,甲方同意派遣技术人员帮助乙方安装设备。 assist 较 help 正式;

At the request of sb,

The performance was repeated at the request of the audience

At the top of the tree,

He had got to the top of the tree before he was 30

I saw the bird at the very top of the tree

She is at the peak of her popularity

He is at the peak of his career.

Many of the sites launched at the peak of the internet boom have disappeared.

She was at the peak of her playing career when she injured herself

At its peak, this mine produced 5000 tons of coal a day

The crisis was now at its peak.

The traffic reaches its peak at 7am.

At his peak he was the best player in the world.

The share index rose to a new all-time peak of 2732.

There are extra buses at peak time (extra buses are put on during rush hours)

The flow of traffic is always slow at rush hours

This is the peak time for dinner

It is most expensive to advertise at peak viewing time

They take 6 60-second slots at peak viewing time

The personnel shall not to partake in any political activities in Iraq.

所有人员不得参加伊拉克国内的任何政治活动。partake in 较 take part in 正式;

Visitors can partake in golfing

We do not only meet to share each other’s burdens, but also to partake in each other’s joys Partake in each other’s joys and sorrows

She had partaken of a cheese sandwich

Would you care to partake of some refreshment?

The Employer shall render correct technical guidance to the personnel.

雇主应该对有关人员给予正确技术指导。 render 较 give 正式;

money serves as a reward for services rendered

They will render blow for blow

Render assistance to those she thought in real need

Render income tax returns

The rains rendered his escape impossible

This action would render the agreement invalid

The dictionary may serve as a pillow

Difficult circumstances serve as a textbook of life for people

Party A shall repatriate the patient to China and bear the cost of his passage to Guangzhou. 甲方应将病人遣返中国并负责其返回广州的旅费。 repatriate 较 send back 正式;

Foreign firms would be permitted to repatriate all profits

The refugees were repatriated.

This Contract shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of China. 本合同受中国法律管辖,并按中国法律解释。construe 较 explain, interpret 正式;

The Employer may object to and require the Contractor to replace forthwith any of its authorized representatives who is incompetent.

雇主认为承包人委派的授权代表不合格时,可以反对并要求立即撤换。require较ask正式;公文体forthwith 较 at once 正式;

Leading representative, main representative,

Senior representative, sole representative

Appointed representative, elected representative

Permanent representative, official representative

We undertake to pay forthwith the money required

These violations of the code must cease forthwith

The above are to report to me forthwith

The Chairperson may convene an interim meeting based on a proposal made by one-third of the total number of directors.

董事长可以根据董事会过1/3董事的提议而召集临时董事会议。convene, interim 都是正式用词。

Her job was done by her deputy in the interim before she returned to work

Interim measures, government, committee, report, agreement, meeting, report

Our company will convene a meeting

Does the UN convene every year?

In case one party desires to sell or assign all or part of its investment subscribed, the other party shall have the preemptive right.

如一方想出售或转让其投资之全部或部分,另一方有优先购买权。法律用词assign 较 transfer 正式.

Assign sb the task

Assign sb this mission

Sb has been assigned to a new job

Assign the victory to Tom

Attribute the victory to Tom

I assign my success to pure luck

Our teachers assign too much homework

It is impossible to assign any reason for his failure

The doctor could not assign a cause for her illness

He attributed the firm’s success to the efforts of the managing director

The bombing was attributed to the IRA

In processing transactions, the manufacturers shall never have title either to the materials or the finished products.

加工贸易中,厂方无论是对原料还是成品都无所有权。 法律用词title 较 ownership 正式.

The term "Effective date" means the date on which this Agreement is duly executed by the parties hereto.

“生效期”指双方合同签字的日子。 法律用词execute 较 sign 正式.

The will was duly executed

They duly attended our meeting

与口头表述不同,合同是法律性的正式书面文件,使用正式的、法律的用词是必要的。合同起草者应多加强这方面的学习。

篇三:商务合同英语词汇特征浅析

商务合同英语词汇特征浅析

【摘要】商务合同规定贸易双方的权利和义务,是具有法律效力的一种契约性文件,对用词也有严格特殊的要求,主要体现在专业正式、准确严谨和简洁明了三个方面。

【关键词】商务合同;词汇;专业;正式;严谨

在世界经济全球化和一体化的今天.国际商务活动日益频繁。贸易国法人之间为实现一定的经济利益而签订的明确规定了贸易双方的权利和义务.具有法律效力的文件一国际商务合同的重要性也越来越突出。作为一种契约性文件.商务合同有很强的法律兼容性.对用词也有严格特殊的要求.主要体现在专业正式 准确严谨和简洁明了三个方面。

一, 专业正式性

据英国语言学家Leech对英语词义的分类.专业术语 书面语 古语词 外来词都是“具有正式含义风格的词汇“。

1.专业术语

专业术语是用来确切表达科学概念的词.要求单义性.排斥多义性和歧义性.不但意义精确.而且具有国际通用性。商务合同英语中商务专业术语和法律专业术语俯拾皆是。

(1)商务专业术语

对外经贸合同中.国际贸易及国际投资领域的专业词汇经常出现。例如.policy(保险单).negotiable(可转让的).liability(责任、义务).right of recourse(追索权).factoring(保理)等。无疑.这些专业术语可避免冗长的解释.简化交易过程.提高工作效率。

需要注意的是合同英语中有不少普通词汇用作专业词汇.对此应从专业角度来明确含义.否则会导致合同意思模糊不清。例如.dirty of Bill of Lading(不结提单)和flat price(统一价格)

很容易误解为“不洁提单“和“平价“。

(2)法律专业术语

作为具有法律效力的契约性文件.合同中也使用了较多的法律专业的术语。法律术语有狭义与广义之分。狭义的法律术语如action(诉讼).final(终局裁决)等.不以大众是否理解或接受为转移.是商务合同语言准确表达的保障.是其独有的现象。而广义的法律术语则包括在法

律文体中被赋子特定法律意义的常用词语.这类词语把握不准确的话很容易导致翻译和理解当中的模糊性.因此要格外留意。如.”The contract is concluded in case of acceptance of the offer”很容易译为“提议一旦接受.合同随即订立。” 而实际上.“acceptance“与”offer”是合同法中两个重要的法律术语 其规范的译文分别为 承诺“、“要约“ 前者是指受要约人对要约内容表同意.而后者则指一方希望与另一方订立合同。

2外来词和古体词

外来词主要来自法语和拉丁语.它们比英语词汇更严谨准确。例如.商务合同中常用的ad valorem duty(拉丁语:从价关税).bona fide holder(拉丁语:汇票的善意持票人).vis—a—M’IS(法语:与??相比较)。再如.”理解合同”用“construe a contract“或 “comprehend a contract“ 而不用“understand a contract“。

尽管古体词在现代英语中已很少使用.但在商务合同等法律文体中却大量出现。一方面是因为古体词庄重 正式而且简洁:另一方面是因为古体词较少有联想意义.语义严谨明确。古语词反映了合同语言的保守倾向和契约性行文正式、严肃、古板的文体特征。

合同英语最具特色的古体词形式当数自由词素where、here和there与n by、with和after等构成的复合副词:(1)here+介词:

如 hereto.hereof.herein.hereinafter等。这里here相当于this.指本文献 合同或有关文件.因此.“hereto“(本合同)相当于to this. 依此类推。(2)there+介词:这类词由thereto.thereon.therein.thereof等。其中there相当于that.指句子前面已出现的某个名词或名词词组.因此. thereto“(根据那一点)即为to that。(3)where +介诃whereby.wherein.whereof.whereupon中where~当于which或者what.“whereof“(关于它)也就是of which。如.payment in respect thereof(关于此项的付款)。

3.复杂介词短语

商务合同英语正式性还体现在倾向使用较复杂的介词短语来代替非正式语体中常见的简单介词与连词。例如.用with regard to和prior to分别代替about和before。

二、准确严谨性

1.情态动词

合同英语中词义的确定性在情态动词“shall” “w?”、”may”和“should“的使用中体现得尤为明显。情态动词的准确使用旨在明确约定当事人的权利(可以做).义务(应当做).强制性义务(必须做)和禁止性义务(不得做)。

shall在商务合同英语中使用率最高 含有“本条款具有法律规定的指令性和强制性”之意.其含义相当于 must 但合同中不能使用“must 。如.“The seller shall present the following shipping documents to the bank for negotiation of L/C”中的”shall”表明”卖方在向银行议

付信用证时,必须履行递交所要求的装运单据这一法律义务.而且应做到单据相符、单单相符.否P.1J~E行即可拒付”可见shalI的这一较古老或者较正式的用法充分体现了合同条款内含的法律的威严性和约束性。

” wiII”则只表示对合同一方的某种建议或合同双方之外第三方的行为的说明.不构成法律约束。” should” 意为 应该“.带有主观意思.表示”这样做最好“。若用于条件句中 则表示较低的可能性。” may”表示“可以 、”可能”。这两个意思在日常用语中都可用”can”来表达,但是在合同中几乎只用“may”而不用“can”.因为前者比后者语气更正式。

综上所述,合同中,各情态动(转自:wWw.XiAocAoFanWeN.cOm 小 草 范文网:浅谈涉外合同英语特色)词意义界限非常明确,体现了合同语言的严谨性。同时.也提醒我们情态动词的选用要非常慎重,混用可能会造成纠纷和损失。

2意义明晰词

合同撰写者往往选择词义范围较小,语义较为明确的词。常见的程度或频率副词often、always和very因其表意不确切在合同英语中几乎不用。甚至连定冠词the也常常被限定范围较小的such所代替。例如,such independent inspector指代最近提到的独立检验人。如果改用the,则语义就没有这么明确,因为such只指”这种”.而the既可以指”这”又可以指”那”。

表意明确的介词短语也被频繁使用。例如,装船条款对时间的要求十分严格.因此,措词要力求严密、无懈可击一”Shipment To be shipped on or before Feb 28. 1 998 (装船1 998年2月28日前(合28日)装船)。反之,在理解这些措辞时也要处处留神.避免漏洞。如.”The balance shall be settled upon the arrival of the goods at the port of destination (余款应在货物到达目的港后即行支付)。此处upon一词含有”后一个动作将在前一个动作之后随即或马上发生之意”.若理解为”余款在货物到达目的港后结算”则极有可能引起争端。

此外,为了保持措辞的确凿性商务合同英语宁可采用重复关键词的乎段来确切地说明是“什么”或者”谁”.而不使用所指、替代与省略等容易产生歧义的衔接手段。而且.这些词语均是同一形式的重复.而不是同义词的重复.因为从严格意义上来说,语言中没有真正的同义词.同义词在外延、内涵以及感情色彩等方面存在差异,尤其在涉外合同中,同义词之间还会存在不同的文化背景的差异。

3近义词或相关词并列

在商务合同英语中有词汇并列使用的现象(juxtaposition),即同(近)义词或相关词往往由and或or:连接并列使用。这种词汇并列具有以下作用:

(1)确定惟一词义.避免歧义

有些同义词并列使用是为了突出彼此的共同义项,这些词可归类为 求同型近义词 .其目的是为了限定其惟一词义.排除由于词汇多义可能产生的歧义,避免对合同的曲解。例如.Null and void (无效)。

(2)词义(色彩)互补.增强严密性

多数近义词并列使用是为了强调它们之间意义的差别,为”求异型近义词”.其目的是使原文意思更加完整、准确。例如by and between the buyers and the sellers”若单独使用by.则仅表明合同是由谁达成的.单用between也只对合同签约当事人的范围进行了限定.而并列结构by and between的含义则比单独使用的by或between更加明确完整.表明参与合同谈判全过程并最终签约的都是the Buyers and the Sellers并无其他当事人。类似的还有terms and conditions、injury or damage、neglect or omit。

上述并列同义词只有细微的差别.在日常生活中.人们往往忽略不计.但合同的准确严谨性决定了合同中不允许出现哪怕是最细小的失误或是遗漏。

不难看出,这种词语并列的用法是商务合同英语准确严谨性的又一体现,反映了商务合同英语对词义准确、文意确切的刻意追求.可以有效地避免诉讼时双方律师利用词义差别而产

生纠缠。

三、简洁明了性

英文中的缩略词形式繁多,如截短词(clipped word)、首字母缩略词(initiating)、首字母拼音词(acronym)及拼缀词(blend)等。缩略词(主要为首字母缩略词和截短词)以其规范、简明、省时的特点而被广泛运用在商务合同中价格、支付及保险方式、货币、度量衡、常见的重要机构或组织、公司和国家等多以缩略词形式出现。例如,T/T(Telegraphic Transfer电汇)、FOB(Free on Board船上交货)、WA (With Average水渍险)、CTN (carton或container) T (ton)、ICC (International Chamber of Commerce国际商会)等。

这些用语的解释在国际上己形成惯例,所以其意义单一,含义准确,适用于商务合同这一特定文体。因此,熟知缩略词全称.领会其含义,也就成为起草 翻译经贸合同所应具备的基本条件。

综上所述,商务合同英语具有鲜明的词汇特征.熟悉这些特征可以帮助广大经贸工作者准确有效的阅读理解、翻译和起草合同. 避免不必要的纠纷与争端,从而促进我国国际贸易的交流与合作。

参考文献:

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[2]胡庚申等 国际商务合同起草与翻译[M].北京:外文出版社,2002:228

[3]顿官刚:经贸英语词汇的特点及翻泽[J].山东外语教学,2002(5):67~4O

[4J陈新:英汉文体翻泽教程[M]、北京大学出版社,1999

[5]张新红等:商务英语翻泽(英泽汉)[M].高等教育出版社,2003

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