篇一：公共管理学完整版英文翻译XN
Chapter 2课本第一章
An Era of Change改变的年代、时代
Introduction引言
There has been a transformation（转化、变革） in the management of the public sectors of advanced countries.
在发达国家的公共部门的管理已经有了一个变革。
This new paradigm poses（形成，造成） a direct challenge to several of what had previously been regarded as fundamental principles of traditional public administration.
这个新的范例对几个原先被认为是传统公共行政的基础规则提出了直接挑战。
These seven seeming verities（真理） have been challenged.这几个真理被挑战。
Economic problems in the 1980s meant governments reassessed（重新评估） their bureaucracies and demanded changes. 1980s的经济问题意味着政府重新评估他们的官僚制并且需要改变。
All these points will be discussed at greater length（长度） later, but the main point is there has been total change in a profession that saw little change for around a hundred years.这些观点会在以后做更大范围的讨论，但是这里强调的主要是一点：一百年来很少发生变革的公共职业领域发生了全面变革。
A new paradigm一个新的范例
There is some debate over whether or not public managemnet, particularly the new public management, is a new paradigm for public sector management.有个争论，关于公共管理尤其是新的公共管理是不是公共部门管理的一个新的范例。
Some argue that a paradigm is a large hurdle（障碍） to jump, requiring agreement among all a discipline‘s(学科，纪律) practitioners-a more or less permanent way of looking at the world
一些争论认为一个范例是一个要跨越的大障碍，需要所有学科的实践者的同意，或多或少是看待世界的暂时方法。 The basic paradigms for public sector management are those following from Ostrom‘s(1989)argument that there are two opposing forms of organization: bureaucracy and markets. 基本的公共管理部门的范例是这些遵循奥斯特罗姆的争论，即组织有两种对立的类型：官僚组织和市场组织。
对本来说，传统行政模型适合被看做一种范式。他继续说，当然，那些支持公共传统行政的人会争论说他们有纪律，带有完整的理论、法律和普遍原理，专注于他们的研究。
The public management paradigm has the very different underlying（潜在、含蓄、隐晦的） theoretical bases of economics and private management. 公共管理里范式有着很不同的潜在的理论基础，即经济理论和私营部门理论。
However, it is not the case that at one point in time everyone in the discipline decided that the traditional public administration paradigm had been superseded; it is more the case that paradigms change gradually. 然而，这不是说这个学科的所有学者都认为传统公共行政范例已经被取代，范例是逐渐改变的这样一个事实。
The emergence of a new approach 一种新方法的出现
By the beginning the 1990s,a new model of public sector management had emerged in most advanced countries and many developing ones.在1990s初期，在大多数发达国家和很多发展中国家一个新的公共部门管理模型出现了。
In the United Kingdom there were reforms in the 1980s,such as the widesperad privatization of public enterprises and cuts to other parts of the public sector during the Thatcher government.
在英国撒切尔执政时期，出现了改革，比如公共企业的民营化、精简公共部门。
In the United States,a key event was the publication（出版） in 1992 of Reinventing （彻底改造）Government by Osborne and Gaebler (1992).在美国一个关键事件是Osborne and Gaebler 所写的《彻底改造政府》的出版。
International organizations,notably the Paris-based Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development(OECD) and,to a lesser extent（程度、范围） the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) became inerested in improving the public management of their member and client nations:The public management committee(PUMA)at the OECD took a leading role in the public management reform process.国际组织特别是法国为基础的OECD，较小范围的世界银行和IMF开始对提高自己的成员国和客户国家公共管理感兴趣：在OECD内的PUMA在公共管理改革过程中起了领导作用。 This provides a reasonable（合理的） summary of the process of managerial （管理的）reform,although,as we shall see in Chapter 3 in discussing the various formulations（构想，规划） of different theorists;in the early days of reform there was little commonality（公共，共性，平民） in views of what was involved.
While there have been striking similarities in the reforms carried out in a number of countries(see Chapter 14),it is argued here that the greatest shift is one of theory rather than practice.尽管许多国家的改革有很多惊人的相似，但这里争论的是理论转型而非实践转型。
Administration and management 行政和管理
It is argued here that administration is a narrower and more limited function than management and,in consequence,changing from public administration to public management means a major change of theory and of function.这里争论的是行政是比管理更狭义更限制的功能，因此，公共行政向公共管理的转变是理论和功能的主要改变。.
The Oxford Dictionary defines administration as : ?an act of administering‘,which is then ?to manage the affairs of‘ or ?to direct or superintend（监督、管理） the execution（执行、实行）,use or conduct of‘,while management is : ?to conduct,to control the course of affairs by one‘s own action,to take charge of‘.哈佛字典这样定义行政：一种管理行为，管理事务或者直接的或者监督执行，使用或者管理。而管理则是:执行，通过一个人的行为控制事物的过程，负责。
From these various definitions it is argued that administration essentially involves following instructions（指示，命令） and service,while management involves:first,the achievement of results,and secondly,personal responsibility by the manager for results being achieved
从这些多种多样的定义可以看出，行政包括服从命令和服务，而管理包括：第一是结果的实现，第二是管理人对于获得结果的个人责任 Similarily,the words?management‘and ?manager‘have been increasingly used within the public sector
.类似地，管理和管理者这两个词越来越多地应用在公共部门中。
These changes of title are not superficial.这些标题的改变是表面的、敷衍的
Public administration and public management 公共行政和公共管理
It followsthat a public service based on administrative concepts will be different from one based on management and there aer continuing and uesolved tensions between the two views.
分析得出以行政概念为基础的公共服务和以管理为基础的公共服务是不同的，二者之间有着悬而未决的紧张关系。 The term ?public adminitration‘ always referred to the study of the public sector,in addition to being an activity and a profession.公用行政这个词经常用来指公共部门的研究，另外还是一项活动和一个职位。 Rosenbloom(1986)argues that ?public administration is the use of managerial, political,and legal theories and processes（处理） to fulfil legislative（立法的，有立法权的）,executive（行政的，经理的） and judicial （公正的）governmental mandates（授权、命令） for the provision（规定，条款） of regulatory（管理的，控制的） and service functionsfor the society as a whole or for some segments of it‘. Rosenbloom 指出：公共行政是对管理的、政治的、合法的理论的应用，
In geal, ?public administration‘refers here to the academic study of the public sector.
总的来说，公共行政这里指的是公共部门的经济研究。
Administration and management are argued here to have conceptual differences and adding the word ‘public’ to them should reflect these differences.
这里提到的行政和管理有着概念上的不同，在他们前面加上‘公共’这个词可以反映这些不同。
Imperatives of change变革的紧迫问题
The changes in the public sector have occurred as a response to several interrelated （相关的，互相联系的）imperatives（命令的，祈使句）:first,the attack on the public sector;secondly,changes in economic theory; thirdly,the impact of changes in the private sector,particularly globalization （全球化）as an economic force;and,fourthly,changes in technology.公共部门的改变作为几个相关的祈使句的回应发生了：第一，对公共部门的冲击，第二，经济理论的改变；第三，私人部门改变的影响，特别是作为经济力量的全球化；第四，科技的改变。
The attack on the public sector 对公共部门的抨击
In the early 1980s there were wide-ranging attacks on the size and capability of the public sector.
在1980s早起，在公共部门的规模和能力上有大范围的冲击
There were three main aspects to the attack on government.对政府的冲击主要有三个方面。
The ideological（思想的，意识形态的） fervour （热情）of attacks on the role of government,and efforts to reduce its size,faded somewhat in the late 1990s.
对政府角色的冲击的思想热情以及减少规模的努力在1990S晚期冷淡下来。（逐渐消失。）
Economic theory 经济理论
In the 1970s,conservative（保守的） economists argued that government was the economic problem restricting economic growth and freedom. 1970S，保守的经济学家认为政府限制了经济增长和自由。
The change in economic thinking profoundly（深刻地） affected the public bureaucracy
经济思考的改变深刻地影响了公共官僚制。
Public choice theory 公共选择理论
The most important economic theory applied to the bureaucracy, particularly in the earlier debate over managerialism,was public choice theory.应用于官僚制特别是早期关于管理主义的争论的最重要的经济理论是公共选择理论。
The key assumption of public choice is a comprehensive view of rationality.
对公共选择的主要假设是合理性的综合观点
A rational man must be guided by the incentive system（动机系统） within which he operates.
一个理性的人必须被他在里面起作用的动机系统所引导
An assumption of such carrot （胡萝卜）and stick behaviour applies in any area.
Making an economic assumption about behaviour does have its uses.做一个关于行为的经济假设确实有他的用处。These views found a governmental response. 这些观点建立了政府的回应。
After thirty years of public choice theory and attempts to apply it to governmental settings,results have been mixed
公共选择理论和把它应用于政府设置的努力在三十年后有了复杂的结果。
Principal/agent theory
The economic theory of principal and agent has also been applied to the public sector,especially concerning its accountability.规则和机构的理论也被应用于公共部门，特别是它的责任。
Principal/agent theory attempts to find incentive（动机） schemes（体制） for agents to act in the interests of principals.
规则/机构理论试图发现机构在规则的兴趣下的行动的动机体制。
Chapter 3第二章
The Traditional Model of Public Administration传统的公共行政模式
Introduction
What is here called the traditional model of public administration was once a major reform movement.
这里被称为公共行政的传统模型的是曾经的一次主要的改革运动。.
The traditional model can be characterized as: an administration under the formal control of the political leadership, based on a strictly hierarchical model of bureaucracy, staffed by permanent, neutral and anonymous officials, motivated only by the public interest, serving any governing party equally, and not contributing to policy but merely administering those policies decided by the politicians.传统模型可以被定义为：政治领导正式控制下的行政，以官僚制的严格等级制模型为基础，聘用永久的、中立的、匿名的员工，只为公共利益所驱动，平等地为任何政党服务，不为政治做贡献，也不管理政治家决定的政策。 .
The traditional model of public administration remains the longest standing and most successful theory of management in the public sector, but is now being replaced.
公共行政的传统模型是在公共部门保持最久的突出和最成功的管理理论。但是现在被逐渐替代。
Early administration早期的行政
Public administration has a long history, one paralleling the very notion of government.
对比政府的概念公共行政有一个很长的历史。
Administrative systems existed in ancient Egypt to administer irrigation from the annual flood of the Nile and to build the pyramids. 行政系统存在于古埃及用来管理来自一年一次的尼罗河大水的灌溉，建造金字塔,
In Europe the various Empires – Greek, Roman, Holy Roman, Spanish and so on – were, above all, administrative empires, controlled from the centre by rules and procedures.
在欧洲各种各样的帝国—希腊、罗马、神圣罗马、西班牙等，首先都是行政帝国，通过规则和程序受中心控制。 Earlier systems of administration shared one important characteristic. 早期的行政系统分享一个重要的特点。
In the United States for most of the nineteenth century, there existed what was termed the spoils system of administration, derived from the saying, ?to the victor belong the spoils‘.
在美国19世纪的大多数时期，存在被称为政党分赃的行政系统，源自于这个说法：战利品属于胜利者。
In other words, there is no specific expertise involved in public administration, nor is there any reason that the administration of government should persist when its political complexion changes. 换句话说，没有特殊的企业涉及公共行政，也没有任何理由表明政府行政在他的政局发生改变时应该保持不变。
Jackson thought there were advantages in making the administration more egalitarian平等主义 的 and democratic: ?I can not but believe that more is lost by the long continuance of men in office than is generally gained by their experience.‘ .杰克逊认为在使行政更平等和民主里有优势：
Eventually, the inherent problems of earlier forms of administration led to changes in the latter part of the nineteenth century and to the reforms associated with the traditional model of administration.
最终早期行政模式的固有问题导致了19世纪后期的变革和与传统的行政模型有关的改革
The reforms of the nineteenth century19世纪的改革
The beginning of the traditional model is best seen in mid-nineteenth century Britain.
传统模式的开始最常见于19世纪中期的英国。
The United Kingdom reforms of the mid-nineteenth century influenced opinion in the United States.
英国的19世纪中叶的改革影响了美国的观点
The model was greatly influenced by Woodrow Wilson in the United States, one of the key activists in the United States reform movement, and Max Weber in Europe
.美国的这一模型受到了威尔逊的很大影响，威尔逊是美国的改革运动中的一个关键的积极分子，马克思韦伯是欧洲的积极分子。
Wilson, Taylor and Weber, who were contemporaries, are the main influences on the traditional model of public administration. 威尔逊、泰勒和韦伯，这几个同龄人是公共行政的传统模型的主要影响力。
Weber’s theory of bureaucracy韦伯的官僚制理论
The most important theoretical principle of the traditional model of administration is Weber‘s theory of bureaucracy. 传统的行政模型的最重要的理论原则是韦伯的官僚制。
In setting out a basis for his theory, Weber argued there were three types of authority: the charismatic – the appeal of an extraordinary leader; the traditional – such as the authority of a tribal chief; and rational/legal authority.
作为它的理论基础，韦伯认为有三种权威类型：魅力型权威—对领导者的绝对赞同，传统权威—例如部落首领的权威，法理型权威
Weber set out six principles for modern systems of bureaucracy, deriving from the idea of rational-legal authority.
韦伯阐述了现代官僚体制的六点原则
The first of Weber‘s principles means that authority derives from the law, and from rules made according to law.
韦伯的第一条原则是权威来自法律和根据法律制定的规则。
The main differences and advances of the Weberian system are best understood by comparison with earlier models of administration. 韦伯理论系统的主要不同和进步通过与早期行政模型的比较被更好的理解。
This is a very important point.这是很重要的一点
Other differences follow. 其他的不同也是如此
The position of the official官员的位置
The individual official occupies a key place in Weber‘s theory. 个体的官员在韦伯的理论中占据了关键位置
These points follow logically from the six principles of bureaucracy.这些点从逻辑上看符合韦伯官僚制的六点原则 The two principles – the model of bureaucracy and position of the official – had specific purposes.
这两个原则:官僚制的模型和官员的位置，有着特殊的意图
Weber‘s idea that bureaucracy was the most efficient form of organization applies to all large undertakings.
韦伯的官僚制是最有效率的组织形式这一理念应用于所有的大型企业中
Wilson and political control威尔逊和政治控制
In the traditional model of public administration, the rules linking the political leadership with the bureaucracy are clear, at least in theory.在传统的公共行政模型中，与官僚制的政治领导相关的规则是清晰地，至少在理论上是清晰地。
Wilson believed that the evils of the spoils system resulted from the linking of administrative questions with political ones 威尔逊认为分赃主义的邪恶源自于跟政治相关的行政的问题。
. Traditional public administration elevated提高的，严肃的 the distinction区别，差异 between administrative and political matters to its guiding principle – that of the politics/administration dichotomy二分法.
传统公共行政提高了它的指导规则的行政的关系和政治的关系之间的区别，即政治/行政的二分法。
In addition, the dichotomy allowed public administration ?to emerge as a self-conscious field of study, intellectually and institutionally differentiated from politics‘.
另外，这个二分法允许行政作为自我意识领域 的研究出现，智力上和制度上和政治是不同的。
The traditional system of administration in parliamentary countries similarly aimed for a separation of policy from administration.国会制国家的传统行政系统也类似地以把政策从行政中分离为目标。
These are three main facets方面 to political control in the traditional model of administration, most notably in Westminster systems. 在著名的威斯敏斯特系统中，在传统的行政模型中政治控制有三个主要的方面。
In the traditional model of administration, the worlds of the politician and the public official were to be separate.
在传统的行政模型中，政治家和公共官员的世界是分开的。
Taylor and management泰勒和管理
The traditional model of administration was fully formed 成型by the 1920s and continued with remarkably little change for at least fifty years. 传统的行政模型到1920s完全成型，并且至少五十年没有发生显著的变化。
Scientific management科学管理
Frederick Taylor is usually credited with formulating scientific management.泰勒通常被认为系统地阐述了科学管理。 Scientific management became an evangelical force in the early years of the century.科学管理在世纪早期成了新教会的力量
Chapter 1
第三章 p64The basis in private management私人管理的基础。
The derivation (引出，来历)of managerialism（管理主义） from a private business model is a source of criticism. 管理主义来自于一个私人商业模型是批评的根源。
It is more difficult to determine objectives（目标宗旨） or to measure results in the public sector and this may be one of the key differences between the public and private sectors.
在公共部门很难决定目标和测量结果，这大概是公共和私人部门之间的主要不同。
The fact that management techniques derive from the private sector is the cause of some criticism.
实际上，源自私人部门 的管理技术是批评的原因。
Neo-Taylorism
A particular theoretical criticism put forward by Pollitt is that managerialism represents a revival（苏醒，复兴） of the scientific management ideas of Frederick Taylor discussed earlier
.Pollitt提出一个特别的理论批评指出管理主义代表着泰勒早先讨论过的科学管理理想的一种复兴
In this comment Pollitt sees managerialism as the direct descendant（下降的、祖传的） of Taylor‘s scientific management, which, in his view, is contrary to the wisdoms of the human relations school（学派）.
在这个评论里，Pollitt把管理主义看做泰勒的科学管理理论的直接遗传，这在他的观点里是和人类关系学派的智慧相反的。
Managerialists（管理学家） do propose（建议，打算） to measure performance and may have imitated（模仿） the private sector in taking a more hard-nosed（死板的） approach to the social-psychological（社会心理） side of organizational behavior.管理学家确实建议测量绩效并且也许在使用一种更加的死板的方法对组织行为的社会心理上模仿了私人部门
As discussed earlier, Taylor did believe in picking people for particular jobs, rewarding them according to performance and measuring what they did. Some parts of managerialism do all these things.
就像先前讨论的一样，泰勒相信挑选人们来适应特殊的工作，根据绩效和测量他们所做的奖励他们。
Taylor‘s system was perfectly attuned(协调的，合拍的) to a formalized （形式化的，正式的）bureaucracy and this was why it was adopted so enthusiastically by public services in the early part of the century.
泰勒的系统和正式的官僚制完美地协调，这也是在世纪早期它被公共服务狂热引用的原因。
Politicization
Changes to the public service are said to involve ?politicizing（使具有政治性，参与政治）‘ it; involving it directly in matters of party politics. 公共服务的改变被认为是涉及参与政治，直接涉及政党政治
On the other hand, politicization（政治化） could lead to problems of the kind that Woodrow Wilson and the reform movement in the 1880s tried to repair. 另一方面，政治化会导致伍德罗式的问题，1880年的改革运动试图修补这个问题。 Reduced accountability减少的责任
There is some concern as to whether the new managerial concepts （管理理念）and procedures （程序）fit in with the system of accountability. 关于新的管理理念和程序是否适合责任系统有一些担心。
Difficulties with contracting-out退出合同，承包的困难
While it is easy to argue private markets are superior（优秀的） and efficiencies will result from privatizing （私有化的）government activities, implementation（实施） is not simple.
尽管容易有争论认为私有化的政府活动会导致私人市场更优越和有效，实施不是简单的。
Simple ideological （思想的，意识形态的）nostrums（秘方，万能药） should be replaced by careful consideration of all the costs and benefits. 简单的思想形态的万能药应该被对成本和利润的小心考虑所代替。
Ethical（伦理的，道德的） issues伦理道德问题
篇二：公共管理专业英语第二单元课文翻译
Lesson 2 The Managerial Approach to Public Administration
公共管理涉及一系列复杂的关系和函数。毫不奇怪，因此，作为一个学科或身体或理论，公共管理缺乏连贯性。公共管理包含三个比较明显的方法生长出不同的角度对其功能。有些人认为这是一个管理的努力，类似的做法在私人部门。其他人，强调“公共性”的公共管理，强调其政治方面。还有人指出，主权的重要性，宪法，并规定在公共管理，把它视为一个明显的法律问题。每个这些办法往往强调不同的价值，程序和结构安排的公共行政活动，每一个意见，市民在一个非常不同的方式，和各采用不同的角度对如何发展知识。进一步复杂的是，管理方法有2个亚群：传统（或传统）公共管理与当代改革故宫*。记住，这些做法是嵌入在我们的政治文化。它们反映了宪法权力分立和分配职能的不同分支。管理方法与行政机构的利益，忠实执行或执行法律。政治态度与立法决策问题。法律方法侧重于政府的审判职能，致力于维护宪法权利和法治。
一旦我们已经提出的依据这三个广泛的办法，广泛的管理，我们将完成我们的定义的讨论。我们可以把一个如何解释每个人提出的各种活动的当代公共管理。
公共行政的管理办法
那些定义公共行政管理方面，以高效率的方法它往往以尽量减少之间的公共和私人管理的区别。在他们看来，公共管理基本上是一样的大企业，应当是按照同样的管理原则和价值观。这一观点根深蒂固的某些部分的美国社会，是经常发现在选修的政治领袖，往往对政治的影响行使公务员*这是不寻常的总统选举的候选人不强调所谓的能力，“管理”的联邦官僚机构并使其更有效和经济。州长和市长候选人经常吹嘘他们的管理技能以及*。
今天，那些谁看公共行政管理分为2组。传统主义者所取代正在改革者呼吁“重塑政府“发展”。故宫是取代传统的方法在几个联邦机构，国家和地方政府。它也很强，在其他一些国家，包括英国，澳大利亚，新西兰，和斯堪的纳维亚国家。然而，今天的公共管理学生应该熟悉。每一个在一些组织和司法管辖区。
传统的管理办法，公共管理
根的传统管理方式回到19世纪公务员改革者谁首先促进方法为手段的公共服务组织。改革者的主诉，政治任命的公共服务在各级政府领导的腐败，效率低下，并出现一类政治家——“spoilsmen *，“因为他们经常被称为——谁是根本不适合领导这个国家。一个著名的历史学家1850坚持联邦服
务已成为由国家“拒绝”。在改革者们的观点，“文官改革要求，业务的一部分，政府应在健全务实的方式进行。它成为有效率，它已成为非政治性的。因此，任命是的基础上作出的“功德”和“健康”，而不是政治党派*。许多改革者认为公共雇员应被禁止参与政治选举，比其他投票。一旦政治被拒绝为基础或雇用和解雇公共管理者，改革者认为，选择和任职的公务员可以根据其效率和性能。
为了维持这一逻辑，改革者必须坚持绝大部分公共管理者没有合法的政治或决策函数。大部分的思维逻辑和传统管理方法依赖于存在一个政治行政二分法。伍德罗威尔逊总统*，从1913到1921，是一个强有力的支持者，公务员制度改革，在19世纪80年代，通常被认为是美国公共行政的思想意识的创始人。在他著名的1887篇论文，“行政的研究，”威尔逊写道，“政府在适当的政治领域。行政问题，不是政治问题。”而他们是因为管理问题，如威尔逊表示，公共管理是“一个业务领域。”
作为政治需要一定的价值，如代表性，那么管理业务；或。威尔逊也有影响力的在他的直接衔接这些：“这是行政管理研究的目的首先发现，政府可以适当地和成功地做，和，其次，如何能做到这些正确的事情以尽可能高的效率和最小可能的金钱和精力为代价。”换句话说，根据传统的管理办法，公共行政是对旨在最大限度地发挥效益，效率，经济。
倡导有效率的公共管理最终成为正统或古典观点如何公共服务应运行。管理人员不是政客都在控制和效率，是被视为最终的“好，”“公理第一的价值表的管理。”政治被淘汰，因为它产生效率。此外，尽管越来越多的监管活动的公共服务：法律是不强调，伦纳德白的影响引入公共行政研究（1926）认为，“行政的研究应该从基础管理而不是法律的基础，并因此更专注于事务的美国管理协会在法院的决定。”从1910年到1940年代，世界性的“科学管理”的运动，工作的基础上弗雷德里克泰勒*，发达国家和倡导的前提下，有效的，高效的管理可以减少一套科学原理。针对批评这种做法，结果方面的行政价值观是“善”或“恶”的一个特定的组织模式是一个数学关系的输入到输出。”后者是最大的，前者减少，导致道德'好'。美德或'善'因此是等同的关系，这些因素，即，“效率”或“效率低下。”数学转化为道德。”浪费，通过效率低下，被认为是不道德的。
组织结构
为了最大限度地实现这些价值观，传统的管理方式促进组织结构普遍认定为官僚。这可能打击当代读者为奇数，因为今天官僚往往是作为同义词使用的低效率。我们将考虑复杂的原因，官僚组织往往发展效率。然而，它仍然是，许多的组织原则的目的是最大限度的单位投入产出。官僚强调需要有一个分工，使员工专注于完成一组给定的任务。专业化，使每个员工成为专家在他或她是做什么的，虽然工作的任何个人可能只有一小部分的总活动的组织。
专业化要求的协调，和官僚依赖于层次结构为此。层次结构创建一个权力链管理和协调工作分为按专业化的原则。层次，在毫米，要求项目和职能明确分配到具体的组织单位。否则会有重叠的部门可能促进冲突*。官僚组织也组织形式，其中阐明的职能和职责每个员工。职位分类是根据“科学”的原则和“组织成一个合理的计划。员工的选择是根据其能力以执行手头的任务，就是说，他们的优点。其他因素，如政治背景，种族，性别，不应予以考虑。”
针对个别
传统的管理办法，公共行政促进客观的观点的人。这是真的，无论是个人的问题是员工，客户，或“受害者”的公共行政机构。传统的方法很少考虑市民为客户。我们不需要去到目前为止最大最重要的分析师韦伯*，官僚主义，在考虑“非人化”是“德”的官僚或视为官僚的“齿轮”在组织上，他或她几乎没有控制。韦伯认为这是一个优势，因为它意味着官僚的“非理性”的情绪，不干预的官僚的工作绩效。这一观点是促进科学管理运动和传统管理方式，这往往使个体劳动者为附庸机械化生产方式。工人适应机器；不是机器设计适合个别工人的身体，心理，社会，和情感特质。1920年底，这一观点的员工清楚地体现在位置的原则分类*中的公共部门：“个人特征的员工占据应有的地位没有影响的分类位置。“强”的位置定位”的传统的管理办法，公共行政组织，其中的意见在形式结构而不是人类而言，减少的重要性，员工个人组织。
客户，也已被人格化，变成了案件，努力促进传统管理的效率价值，经济，和有效性。拉夫·解释：官僚机构是一个有效的手段处理大量的人。它将无法处理大量的人在他们的深度和复杂性。官僚政治是一种工具，找出什么是“相关”的任务，官僚机构成立。因此，只有那些事实在复杂的个人生活是相关的任务需要传达之间的个人和机构。
实现这种简化，现代官僚发明了”的情况。”在摄入水平的官僚机构，个人性格转化为例。只有一个人可以有资格作为一个案例，是他或她治疗的允许官僚。更准确的说，一个官僚不设立治疗或处理者”过程的“唯一”的案件。”
“受害者”的公共行政人员的活动可能是人格化的程度，他们被视为非人的，尤其是在暴力或胁迫受雇，因为，从历史上看，在公共精神卫生设施，监狱，与警察职能。
其他办法组织争辩说，依赖于客观往往会适得其反，因为它会产生功能障碍。然而，客观的观点的人是深深扎根于传统的管理方式和被认为是至关重要的效率最大化，经济，和有效性。
认知法
传统的管理方法强调科学方法的发展知识。其核心思想，公共管理可能是一个科学载于伍德罗威尔逊的1887征文。1926年底，伦纳德指出，公共行政是从艺术到科学，1937，卢瑟古利克和厄威克可以公布，最具影响力的论文，管理科学。致力于发展公共管理学科仍然strong-dominant在当代美国公共行政研究和奖学金。
在实践中，对公共管理作为一门科学促进发展的努力推广有关行政行为。这包括制定的假设，可测试经验。数据的收集，汇总，统计和分析。其基本定位是演绎推理；知识包括统计核查的概括，可以适用，谨慎，具体情况。
预算编制
传统管理方式的承诺的价值观念的效率，经济效益，科学，导致它有利于合理的预算编制制度。这些系统强调需要建立成本效益的考虑，在制定预算。最理想的是，这种情况下，如何分配资金的多种政府职能和在什么水平可确定的预期受益的费用。
决策
传统的管理方式也有利于合理的决定。基本上，它认为在公共行政决策应考虑所有可行的替代办法，全面，选择一个最符合成本效益。依靠科学知识，包括社会科学家，这种做法不利于公众广泛参与。
篇三：《公共管理英语》课文翻译
《公共管理英语》翻译
第一章1Opening Administration to the Public
政务公开
Citizens of Bengbu City, Anhui Province, now have the opportunity to be a visitor at m(原文来自：wWw.xiaOcAofANweN.coM 小 草 范 文 网:公共管理专业英语翻译)unicipal government meetings, thanks to the government’s recent efforts to open its administration-adopting the Measures for Inviting Citizens to Listen to the Administrative Meeting, which came into effect on December 16, 2001.得益于2001年11月16日生效的政府最近实施的邀请市民旁听政府会议的行政事务公开改革措施,安徽省蚌埠市的市民现在有机会参加市政府会议。
Ten citizens are invited to be present at each meeting on administrative affairs. The number of citizen listeners invited to very important meeting can vary. The listeners can be deputies to the city’s people’s congress, members of the local committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference, personages of democratic, members of the Association of Industry and Commerce and others. They must be at least 18 years of age, and willingly to be a visitor at the meeting.每次行政事务会议邀请10名市民参加。邀请参加重要会议的人数是可以变化的。这些旁听者可以是人大代表、政协委员、民主党派的要员、工商联代表及其他。他们要至少18岁，并且愿意参加会议。
Listeners can air their opinions through the government office in a written form.旁听者可以通过政府部门以书面形式发表他们的意见。 Increasing Transparency增加透明度
On the basis of pilot project carried out in some cities and countries, Guangdong Province has asked its governments at or above country level to open their administrative affairs during the first half of this year.在部分城市和农村的基础上，今年的上半年，广东省已要求村及村以上的政府行政事务都要公开。
All affairs relating to laws and regulations and to administrative decisions that people must follow, as long as they do not involve secrets of the Party or the Central Government, should be open to the public, Contents are as follows:所有有关法律、规章和公民必须遵循的政府决定，只要不涉及政党和中央政府的机密，都要向公众公开。具体内容如下：
-Strategy of social and economic development, work targets and their accomplishments;经济社会发展战略，工作目标和它们的完成情况；
-Process for making big decisions and policies;重大决策和政策的主动过程；
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-Financial budgets and implementation;财政预算和执行情况；
-Distribution and use of special funds and purchase of important materials;专用基金的分配和重要物资的购买；
-Major capital construction projects and their bidding;主要基本建设计划和它们的招投标；
-Items of public welfare invested by the government;政府投资的公共福利项目；
-Projects examined and approved by the government and their accomplishments;政府审批的项目及完成情况；
-The accomplishments of work the government promised to do for the public;政府向公众承 事项的完成情况；
-Law enforcement in relation to the interests and rights of citizens, legal persons and organizations;有关公民、法人、组织权益的法律实施；
-Handing of major incidents; 重大事件的处理；
-Selecting and appointing officials, employing public servants and appraising of model workers, transferring workers and staff members in institutional reforms and other issues of public concern; 官员的选拔任用，公务员的录用，先进工作者的评价，员工调动的原则改革及公众关心的其他问题；
-Administrative functions and the official duties; 政府机构的职能和官员的职责；
-Working content, conditions, procedures and timetable as well as the result; 工作内容、条件、流程和时间以及工作效果；
-Working principles, commitment and the way to sue promise-breaching activities, as well as investigation results of the cases. 工作原则，承担义务、对违反应承担义务的起诉方法及调查结果；
Apart from opening administrative affairs to society, various departments of the Guangdong Provincial Government have been required to open their internal system construction, work operations and management, specifically the self-discipline of officials; income and expenditure of the department; management of the human resources, distribution of income to workers and staff members as well as their welfare treatment; and other issues.除了向社会公开行政事务，广东省已经要求各政府部门公开机关内部结构，工作运转方式和管理情况，特别是官员的自律情况；部门的收入和经费开支情况，工作人员的收入分配和他们的福利待遇，以及其它事项。
Knowing government administration is one of people’s fundamental rights, and the opening of administrative information has become an indispensable part in the government’s administration. In the meantime, opening government administration is also a main principle of the WTO, listed on most of its documents. After China’s entry into the WTO, it was required to be better in this field. China’s transformat—2 —
ion of government functions lags behind that of its economic growth.了解政府的行政行为是公民基本权力之一，政务公开是政府的应尽的职责。公开行政信息是已经是政府管理中必不可少的部分。同时，政务公开也是WTO的一项主要原则，被列在WTO的大部分文件中。在中国加入WTO后，被要求在这方面做得更好。中国的政府职能转变落后于它的经济增长。
A fresh move the opening of government administration still needs improvement. Experts appealed to the state to place great importance on the issue by setting up special department to handle related affairs, and devising a law on opening government administrations.政务公开作为一项新举措仍需要改进。专家希望政府将其放在更重要位置，通过设置处理相关事务的专门部门，对政务公开进行立法。
Red-Title Document Open to the Public对公众公开红头文件
At the end of last year, the Beijing municipal government, located on Zhengyilu Road, placed a reception desk at the entrance of its west gate from Monday to Friday to receive citizens who come to the Beijing Municipal Government Bulletin. Since the bulletin opened to the public in early 2002, the telephone at the editorial office has kept ringing. Many of the calls come from Guangdong, Zhejiang, Heilongjiang provinces and Hong Kong SAR, inquiring about subscription procedures.在去年底，位于遵义路上的北京市政府，每周一到周五在其西大门入口处放置接待桌以接受市民来征订《北京市政府公告》。早在2002年政府公告向公众公开后，编辑部的电话就一直响着。许多电话来自广东、浙江、黑龙江和香港特区，来咨询征订程序。
The bulletin, which contains government regulations, administrative orders and decisions, is popularly known as a “red-title document” and is a mystery to most people, because it only reached leaders above bureau level in the past. 包括政府规章、行政命令和决定的公文过去常称为红头文件，对大多数人而言是神秘的，因为它过去只发到局级以上干部。
Wei Guiqin, director of the Beijing Huiyuan Law Office, is among the first to subscribe to the bulletin. “The public distribution of the bulletin helps us a lot in our job,” he said. 魏贵勤，北京惠元律师事务所所长，是第一批来征订公告的。他说：“公告的公开发行对我们的工作帮助很大。”
The government of many other provinces and cities have also opened their bulletins to the public, including Henan and Shanxi provinces, and cities such as Guangzhou, Wuhan, Qingdao and Yinchuan. The government of the bulletins are functionally the same as other official documents. 许多别的省市也已经向公众公布了公告，如河南、陕西，城市如广州、武汉、青岛和银川。政府公告与其它官方文件功能上是一样的。
Shanghai was the first city to open its bulletin to the public. Since the beginning of last year, the bulletins have been sent not only to major institutions and enterprises under the jurisdiction of the municipal government, but also to 100 selected newspaper and magazi
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ne booths, 50 postal zones 50 Xinhua bookstores, where citizens can get them for free. The bulletins have attracted the attention of many people, most of whom are lawyers and accountants. 上海是第一个向公众公布了公告的城市。自去年初，公告不仅通过市政府正常渠道发送到主要公共机构和企业，还发送到经挑选产生的100个报刊亭、50个邮政亭、50个新华书店，在那里市民可以免费取得公告。公告已经引起许多公民的注意，其中大部分是律师和会计。
“Supermarket" of administrative Affairs政务超市
Five years ago, Huang Songji, a laid-off female employee in Nanjing, invesred 50000 yuan to set up a kindergarten. However, she was soon asked to close down, as she failed to follow relevant procedures. She sought assistance at the Supermarket of Administrative Affairs, and with guidance by the staff, Huang quickly obtained all necessary procedures. 五年前，黄松基，南京一名下岗女工，投资5 万元办了一个育儿园。然而，她很快被勒令关门，因为她没有履行相关手续。她在政务超市寻求帮助，在工作人员的帮助下，她很快办理了所有手续。
What is the Supermarket of Administrative Affairs and how effective is it? 什么是政务超市？它的效果如何？
The first supermarket was launched by the government of Xiaguan District, Nanjing City, in the residential communities of Xiaoshi and Rehenanlu on October 16, 2000. the government set up its offices in a big hall to handle various administrative affairs, including more than 40 services related to civil affairs, employment, municipal construction, economy, handing of complaints and law enforcement. It indeed has supermarket features of openness, efficiency and a variety of choice, hence the name, Supermarket of Administrative Affairs. Five other of residential quarters followed suit a year later. 第一个政务超市是2000年10月16日在南京下关区热河南路的小石居委会建立的。政府在一个大厅设置办公场所以解决多种行政事务，包括 种有关民政事务、劳动就业、市政建设、经济、投诉的处理和法律实施。它的确具有超市的开放、效率和多样化选择的特质，因此被称为政务超市。一年后另五个居民区的政务超市随之成立。
The supermarket practices a responsibility system to solve problems, and serve clients. In addition, supervision and feedback procedures have also been adopted. The system, which enables citizens to learn about government administrative affairs, contributes to the government’s effort to open administrative affairs. Sun Wei, a “supermarket” staff member, said that in the past, policies were locked in the office drawer. Now they are placed on the wall, clearly indicating problems and possible timelines for their solution. Furthermore, the telephone number to contact in cases of complaint against the behavior of “supermarket” employees is also available to the public. Employees subject to customer complaints are given three chances, and penalties include criticism the first time, bonus deduotion the second time,—4 —
and dismissal the third time. 政务超市提供了一个解决问题、服务委托人的负责任的系统。另外，监督和反馈程序已经被采用。这个能够使公众了解政府行政事务的系统，归功于政府的政务公开。孙伟，一名“政务超市”的工作人员说，在过去政策是被锁在办公室的抽屉里。现在是挂在墙上，清楚地标明问题和解决这些问题的时间。更重要的是，针对政务超市工作人员的投诉电话是向公众公开的。工作人员有三次被客户投诉的机会，处罚包括第一次批评，第二次扣奖金，第三次解雇。
Since district government powers have been transferred to the “supermarket”, the service items are wider than those formerly offered by the residential community, such as the approval of small loans to help the poor and victims of natural disasters; handling applications for subsidies if their living standards is below the poverty line; granting licenses to small restaurants; leasing newspaper booths and registering the unemployed. Apart from these services, the “supermarket” has also set up a training room, a law consultation room and a suggestion box, as well as a telephone hotline to answer questions. In addition, government leaders regularly visit the “supermarket” to interact with the public in person. 自从地方行政权力转到“超市”，服务项目比过去居委会提供的范围更大了，如对贫困户和突发自然灾害的小额贷款的审批，受理低保补助申请，小酒店许可证的核发，报刊摊位的出租和失业登记。除了这些服务，“超市”还提供一个服务间，一个咨询室和意见箱，一部回答问题的热线电话。另外，政府领导定期到“超市”同公众面对面交流。
Many citizens have expressed their satisfaction with the “supermarket”. 许多市民对“超市”表示满意。
“It quickly solves problems, and shortens the psychological distance between leaders and the masses. Surveys recently conducted in five ‘supermarkets’ indicated that citizens are satisfied with measures,” said Xu Xuwqin, who is in charge of the publicity of the Xiaguan residential community. “它很快解决问题，缩短了领导和群众之间的心理距离。对五个“超市”的调查表明群众对这些措施是满意的”许学琴，一名居委会宣传部门负责人说。
The “supermarket” of administrative service in Nanjing has exerted a positive influence to the entire country. Similar supermarkets have opened in Shenyang, Shanghai and Fuzhou. 南京这种行政服务“超市”已经在整个国家产生了正面的影响。在沈阳、上海和福州都建了类似的超市。
The “supermarket” in Shanghai, known as the Center of Residential Affairs, now has 80 branches in the entire city, offering more than 50 services. A civil affairs official said that in the next three years, every community and town would set up such as a “supermarket” to form a network covering the entire area. 上海的“超市”，作为居民事
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