篇一：国际商务礼仪 教学大纲
《国际商务礼仪》课程教学大纲
一、课程基本信息
二、课程内容及基本要求 第一章国际商务礼仪形象 课程内容： 1.言谈礼仪 2.举止礼仪 3.着装礼仪 4.仪容礼仪
1.理解举止礼仪、着装礼仪、仪容礼仪的内容。 2.掌握举止礼仪、着装礼仪、仪容礼仪。 本章重点：着装礼仪、仪容礼仪 本章难点：举止礼仪、着装礼仪 第二章商务应酬礼仪 课程内容： 1.见面礼仪 2.介绍礼仪 3.名片使用礼仪 4.拜访礼仪 5.接待礼仪 6.商务馈赠礼仪 基本要求：
1.了解见面礼仪和介绍礼仪。
2.掌握名片使用礼仪、拜访礼仪、接待礼仪、商务馈赠礼仪。 本章重点：见面礼仪和介绍礼仪。
本章难点：名片使用礼仪、拜访礼仪、接待礼仪、商务馈赠礼仪。 第三章国际商务通信礼仪 课程内容： 1.电话礼仪 2.手机礼仪 3.网络通信礼仪 4.商务信函礼仪 基本要求：
1.了解电话礼仪和手机礼仪。
2.掌握网络通信礼仪、商务信函礼仪。 本章重点：电话礼仪和手机礼仪。
本章难点：网络通信礼仪、商务信函礼仪。 第四章商务会议礼仪 课程内容： 1.商务洽谈礼仪 2.商务会展礼仪 3.商务年会礼仪
1.了解商务洽谈礼仪。
2.掌握商务会展礼仪、商务年会礼仪。 本章重点：商务洽谈礼仪。
本章难点：商务会展礼仪、商务年会礼仪。 第五章商务仪式礼仪 课程内容： 1.开业仪式礼仪 2.剪彩仪式礼仪 3.交接仪式礼仪 基本要求：
1.了解开业仪式礼仪。
2.掌握剪彩仪式礼仪、交接仪式礼仪。 本章重点：开业仪式礼仪。
本章难点：、剪彩仪式礼仪、交接仪式礼仪 第六章商务餐饮礼仪 课程内容： 1.商务工作餐 2.商务宴请
3.中西餐及自助餐礼仪 基本要求：
1.了解商务工作餐的内容
2.掌握商务宴请和中西餐及自助餐礼仪的技巧。 本章重点：商务工作餐的内容
本章难点：商务宴请和中西餐及自助餐礼仪的技巧。 第七章商务位次礼仪 课程内容：
1.行进中的位次排列礼仪 2.乘车的位次礼仪
3.会客与谈判的位次排列礼仪 4.会议与宴会的位次排列礼仪 5.签字仪式与旗帜礼仪 基本要求：
1.理解行进中的位次排列礼仪和乘车的位次礼仪的内涵。
2.掌握会客与谈判的位次排列礼仪、会议与宴会的位次排列礼仪和签字仪式与旗帜礼仪
本章重点：会客与谈判的位次排列礼仪
本章难点：会议与宴会的位次排列礼仪和签字仪式 第八章国际商务礼仪危机 课程内容：
1.国际商务礼仪危机概述 2.主要贸易伙伴国家的礼俗 基本要求：
1.了解国际商务礼仪危机概述
2.理解和掌握主要贸易伙伴国家的礼俗 本章重点：国际商务礼仪危机 本章难点：主要贸易伙伴国家的礼俗
三、 学时分配表
四、课程教学的有关说明
1、要牢固掌握学科的基本概念、基本原理和基本方法，包括国内外市场营销理论与实践的最新发展。
2、紧密联系实际，学会分析案例，解决实际问题，把学科理论的学习融入对经济活动实践的研究和认识之中，切实提高分析问题、解决问题的能力。真正掌握课程的核心内容，为企业经济效益的提高服务，为社会主义市场经济体制的建立和完善做出贡献。
3、教学中要系统、全面、准确地阐述现代市场营销学的基本原理和实务，在原理的阐述和案例的举中要多联系中国实际，使之既忠实于学科原貌，又通俗易懂，不脱离中国实际；对一些专术语应配英文对照。
4、增加案例教学的比重，文字教材、音像教材中都要突出典型案例的剖析。同时安排必要的作业和实验，给学生接触实际、动手分析的机会。
5、日常的面授辅导应着重于重点的归纳、难点的剖析以及作业讲解。以综合练习和案例分析的形式为主。
五、考核方式
1、本课程考试内容以教学大纲为依据，自学部分不做考试要求。 2、考试为闭卷考试，考试成绩分平时成绩和期末考试成绩，分别在总成绩中占30%和70%。平时成绩依据出勤率、平时作业、课堂表现等情况打分。
3、实践教学环节的成绩另行考核。
制订人： 审核人： 审定人：
篇二：金正昆教授商务礼仪讲座及国际商务礼仪完全笔
金正昆教授《商务礼仪》讲座及《国际商务礼仪》完全笔记
金正昆教授<<商务礼仪>>讲座
主讲人简介
金正昆，中国人民大学国际关系学院外交学系主任，礼仪与公关研究中心主任，教授。主要从事外交学、传播学、礼仪学研究。已出版专著、教材12部，发表文章近百篇，共350多万字。是国内知名礼仪专家，中国人民公安大学等多所院校兼职教授，政府多部门顾问。
内容简介
礼仪是一门综合性较强的行为科学，是指在人际交往中，自始至终地以一定的、约定俗成的程序、方式来表现的律己、敬人的完整行为。由于地区和历史的原因，各地区、各民族对于礼仪的认识各有差异。在长期的国际往来中，逐步形成了外事礼仪规范，也叫涉外礼仪。涉外礼仪就是人们参与国际交往所要遵守的惯例，是约定俗成的做法。它强调交往中的规范性、对象性、技巧性。随着我国改革开放脚步的加快，人们在生活和工作中外事交往增多。了解涉外礼仪的内容和要求，掌握与外国人交往的技巧则显得尤为重要。在本讲中，中国人民大学国际关系学院外交学系主任金振坤教授，从政务、商务和日常生活三个方面，为我们详细阐述和分析了中外礼仪的差别和涉外礼仪的一些常识和要求。他认为，人和人之间有接触才有了解，有了解才能沟通，有沟通才会互动，这是三个重要的程序。
接触是前提。接触了之后才会了解，逐渐了解之后才容易沟通。所谓沟通是双向了解，我理解你，你也理解我。那么从国际交往的角度来看，宏观上涉外礼仪有三个基本要求：第一个要求尊重为本，要强调自尊自爱，要尊重自己的职业，要尊重自己的单位。第二个方面的理念就是要善于表达。在国际交往中，接待外国客人，要强调接待三声：“来有迎声，问有答声，去有送声”；金正昆教授结合结合日常交往和社交活动、公务活动的一些内容，具体介绍了自我介绍、介绍他人、名片的制作和使用、与外国朋友交换礼物、宴请外国朋友等等需要使用的一些常规的礼仪。从而在衣食住行访谈送，等方面，使观众对涉外礼仪有了一个全面的了解。他认为，与人交往要尊重为先，尊重别人就是尊重自己，发现别人的优点，实际上就等于肯定自我，那说明你宽容，说明你谦虚，说明你好学。所以在国际交往中，要善于发现别人的所长。
5月30日，《百家讲坛》邀请中国人民大学国际关系学院外交学系主任，金振坤教授为我们指点涉外礼仪的技巧和要领，敬请关注。
全文
各位老师各位同学大家好，非常高兴地来跟各位谈一谈涉外礼仪。那么主要想跟各位在今天这个讲坛之中，讲两个问题:第一个问题想讲一讲涉外礼仪的基本理念,总的要求;另外想讲一讲涉外礼仪可操作性的一些重点和难点。那么我们首先呢，想从一个案例导入。那我请了一个同学来跟我合作一下，那么这位同学呢，他将作为大学生志愿者到一个国际会议去做辅助性工作，他专门去买了一身西装，或者说借了一身西装，那他现在等候出发。请各位注意他，发现他身上有哪些问题不符合涉外交往的要求呢？请
好，谢谢，我想我们在座的各位应该是火眼金睛，那么他呢？现在从国际交往的角度来看，他穿西装是符合要求的，但是他的西装上应该有比较大的两个问题：第一个问题我想大家一目了然，就是穿了白袜子。在比较重要的场合穿西装的话，最佳的要求是袜子跟皮鞋一个颜色，至少是深色，绝对不是白色，除非是白皮鞋，否则将产生巨大的反差。在很多国家深色西装是正装，黑色皮鞋是基本要求，中间夹双白袜子他们称为“驴蹄子”，反差太大了。另外他还有一个比较明显的错误，它就是袖子上的商标没有拆。我们现在买来的西装都会有一个比较醒目的商标，但是实际上那是西装的封条，按照惯例你买来西装之后，服务生要做的头一件事就是替你把商标拆掉，启封了，开始用了。很遗憾我们国内很多服务生对此不是很了解，也有人知道了不干，久而久之，害得我们不少弟兄，误认为袖子上有一横是名牌的标志。君不见经常有人走路时，有意做屈臂挺进状，要露一手，那么此点是不合惯例的。好我这个案例就到这里了。
那么我刚才要讲的这个案例是要说明什么呢？我是想跟各位讲，什么是涉外礼仪？涉外礼仪实际上就是我们参与国际交往所要遵守的惯例，是约定俗成的做法。换而言之，它是讲规范，规范就是标准。你讲不讲规范，是你这个人懂不懂规范的问题；你讲不讲规范，是你这个单位有没有规范的问题。这个在国际交往中是很强调的。比如在大庭广众之前，一个男人一个女人着装，他有规范性的说法，两句话：“女人看头，男人看腰”。女人看头是看什么呢？看发型，比如染不染色，长度如何等等。像我们服务行业，政府机关一般公务员是不染彩色发的，除非把花白的头发染黑。另外头发不宜过长，作为女性，一般工作岗位上不长于肩部。有同志讲了，长
于肩部如何？长于肩部要做技术性处理，盘起来、挽起来、梳起来，不能随意披散开来。道理很简单，年轻姑娘的一头飘逸的长发是很有一些魅力的，你这儿一甩，没准附近的每一个人就晕了。“男人看腰”，看什么呢？不是看我们腰粗不粗，也不是看腰带是什么品牌，而是看这样一个细节，腰上挂不挂东西。我们说句涉外交往中的行话，一个有社会地位的人，一个有层次的人，在大庭广众之前腰上是不挂任何东西的。你见过普京总统腰上挂手机吗？你见过安南腰上有一串钥匙吗？所以我刚才想讲的这是涉外礼仪的一个特点，就是规范性。
那么实际上从比较研究的角度来看，我们现在讲的涉外礼仪，国际交往中要遵守的国际惯例，和我国传统礼仪还是有一些差异的。我国有五千年的传统文明，有五千年的礼仪文化，我们都在这个良好的氛围中继任成长，那么我们大家应该说是学识源远流长，但是，从国际交往的角度来看，中外礼仪是有一些差异的。譬如国际礼仪它是强调关心有度，换而言之，不得打探或者涉及个人隐私问题。而我国传统礼仪，强调亲密无间。这个恐怕在国际交往中，此点不了解就麻烦了，按照我们的规范性说法，国际交往中不宜随便探讨对方、请教对方的问题有五，我们叫涉外交往五不问：第一不问收入问题，第二不问年纪大小，第三不问婚姻家庭，第四不问健康状态，第五不问个人经历。第二个特征讲对象性，对不同的人，有不同的要求，内外有别，自己人你该问还是问，但是外人你不问还是比较好。比如在国际交往中，每个人的健康被视为私人的资本，你身体不好，人家做生意会跟你合作？那缺乏可靠程度嘛，但是说实话，这个问题是我们很多人比较爱问的。
那天一个老兄就问我了，说“老金你怎么脸色不大好？”我说我最近比较累，晚上经常熬夜。“你是不是胃不行？吸收不好胃一般不好，脸色就不好。”我说我胃还行，比较能吃。“那你肝呢？”他不把你整死他难受，但是我也知道此人并无恶意。但是因为他在对外交往中，或者跟陌生、不大熟悉的人打交道时，他要不讲规矩，就容易引起歧义、误会。我们讲了一个规范性，讲了个对象性，还要讲一个沟通。
人和人之间有接触才有了解，有了解才能沟通，有沟通才会互动，这是三个重要的程序。接触是第一样，前提。接触了之后才会了解，逐渐了解之后知己知彼才容易沟通。所谓沟通是双向了解，我理解你，你也理解我。但是这个有难度，不同地方人有不同的招呼。老北京的习惯，就是要问，五十岁以上的人起码要问吃过没有。我们听众大家外语没得说，我不知道你怎么翻译？但是我一般告诉我的学生，老北京问外国朋友吃过没有，最准确的翻译是：“你好”。千万不要直译，因为大多数外国兄弟听不懂。我
个人就遇到这种情况，有一次一个活动，我们一个同志没话说，就问外国朋友，说你们吃过没有，他们很实在，“我们都没吃，你请吧。”谁让你问了？那外国人也有个习惯，他喜欢恭维异性，见男士会说你很帅很酷，见女孩子会说你很漂亮，甚至会说你很性感，很有魅力。但是我相信我们大家都见多识广，当别人说我们说小姐你很漂亮，我们一定会落落大方地看着对方的眼睛，说一声谢谢。从传播学的角度来讲，这实际是传递了两个信息：第一咱见多识广，第二谁怕谁，两军相逢勇者胜，充满自信的人、临阵不慌的人容易得到尊重。
那么从国际交往的角度来看，那么涉外礼仪有什么基本要求呢？宏观上来讲有三个基本要求：第一个要求尊重为本，这个尊重二字，应该是礼仪之本，也是待人接物之道的根基之所在。你不管是坐、请坐、请上坐也好，茶、上茶、上好茶也好，关键是要通过这种形式，向别人传递出尊重对方的信息，这恐怕是要点。但是尊重在国际交往中，有两个方面的要求，不能够偏袒于一方。第一个方面的要求就是要自尊为本，要强调自尊自爱。一个人在国际交往中，不讲自尊，就不可能得到别人的尊重。首先要尊重自己，你自己要把你当回事，站有站相，坐有坐相，举止大方。有同志这方面差点劲了，往人家对面一站，或者一坐，也不管对方是熟人是生人是同性是异性，比较洒脱，比如腿伸出去，男同志，顺手把裤管往上一拉，露出一条飞毛腿。但是此种人，那么在国际交往中，在比较重要的场合，怎么会得到别人的尊重呢？所以要尊重自我。其次要尊重自己的职业。工作你分工不同，"闻道有先后，术业有专攻"，在任何国家、任何社会，真正被人家尊重的人，是有实力的人，是学有所长的人，是专业方面有本事的人。所以要爱岗敬业，这样的人才会赢得尊重，各国皆然。最后，第三个方面要尊重自己的单位。大到我们的国家和民族，小到我们现在供职的地方，那在国际交往中，我们有责任、有义务维护它的尊严和形象。其次我们强调要尊重交往的对象，不仅要自尊，而且要对交往对象表示尊重。我们一般要讲五句话：“尊重上级是一种天职，尊重同事是一种本份，尊重下级是一种美德，尊重客户是一种常识，尊重所有人是一种教养。”这五个方面，涉及到我们人际交往的方方面面，要尊重，要全方位的尊重，不能失礼于人，尊重为本。但是，光讲尊重为本，在国际交往中是远远不够的，我们还要第二个方面的理念的要求，就是要善于表达。
你要把你对对方的尊重恰到好处地表现出来。你不表现他怎么会知道你尊重他呢？它有个表现程式的问题。比如我们在国际交往中，接待外国客人，我们强调接待三声：“来有迎声，问有答声，去有送声”，是吧？来了话你要先说个欢迎光临，然后再说事。我在我们保卫处的同志讲过课，我跟他讲，“那要来了客人的话，你首先要问先生你好，然后再说事，你不能
上来问，找谁，人家是犯罪嫌疑人吗？”你打电话也是，拿起话筒第一句话，“你好中国人民大学”，然后再说事，不能上来就喂喂喂，再问“有人吗？”那人家不是人吗？那你这是基本礼貌，你这个“三声”没有，你算什么？
那我下面呢，想结合我们日常交往和社交活动、公务活动，来跟各位谈一谈日常交往中和公务交往中，需要使用的一些常规的礼仪。首先我想跟各位讲一讲公务活动中会遇到的几个礼仪。第一、公务交往中的介绍的问题。你人和人见了面你要介绍，你有时候不介绍就很麻烦了。我也遇到这种人，他对你很客气，跟你说了半天话你不知道他是谁，你就没办法跟他沟通。介绍有两种：第一种介绍----自我介绍，第二种介绍----介绍他人。那两者你都需要了解，他有规矩。自我介绍一般有四个要点需要注意。第一个要点，最好是先递名片再介绍。其实你交换名片时有个时机的问题，你说我要走了，都把事跟你谈完了，你才给我留名片，是不是才信任我，以前都不信任我？其实有经验的话，我们一见面就把名片递过去，什么头衔、什么职务都不用说了，顶多把名字重复一下，省得你念错了，省很多事。所以有经验的人他是先递名片再介绍，这是第一个点。第二个点自我介绍时间要简短，愈短愈好。你问我“先生怎么称呼？”“我叫金振坤”“您在什么地方高就”“我在中国人民大学国际关系学院外交学系”。你就直截了当，说了就算了，不要在那儿连篇累牍地大说废话。一般自我介绍半分钟以内就完全可以结束了，训练有素。
第三条要注意，内容要全面。自我介绍一般的内容要四个要素：单位、部门、职务、姓名。比如我，比如正规场合我要介绍，我中国人民大学，国际关系学院，外交学系的教授，我叫金振坤。单位、部门、职务、姓名，一口气全出来，别挤牙膏。“先生在哪儿高就？”“混”“什么单位？”“一个破单位”“到底什么单位？”“不值得一提的一个单位”。他也够不值得一提了，提都提不起来。要训练有素，一气呵成。
最后第四个点要注意，倘若你的单位和部门头衔较长的话，这个名字较长的话，一定要注意第一次介绍的时候使用全称，第二次才可以改简称。你别小看这里，你比如我在这里要给你讲个词，简称“南航”。恐怕大多数人就会想到南方航空公司，其实还有一个南航，南京航空航天大学。所以在国际交往中，用字母来做简称，或者以中文来做简称，一定要注意，先讲全称，再搞简称，否则很麻烦，南辕北辙。这是关于自我介绍。
第二个方面我想介绍，就是介绍别人。介绍别人有两个点是比较重要的：第一个点谁当介绍人？比如社交场合的惯例，介绍人一般应该是女主人。那么在国际交往中，介绍人是谁呢？国际交往中介绍人一般是三种人。
篇三：国际商务礼仪unit1
Text A
Postures (体态)
Want to succeed in business? New research reveals that your posture could be the key .Posture is the way you hold your body against gravity while standing, walking, sitting or lying down. Gravity is pulling down your body all the time while you are trying to hold it upright. Good posture involves training your body to move in a way where least pressure is placed on muscles. Good or correct posture is not something you have to force upon yourself ; it is the natural way your body is meant to be. Alignyour body and you will feel a positive change in you instantly. Good posture means less strain and more energy. Good or correct posture is where your body is in proper alignment, the joints and muscles are working without unnecessary strain.
想在商业上成功吗？新的研究表明，你的姿势可能是关键。站立，走路，坐着或躺下时，姿势是你的身体的姿势。当你试图将自己的身体保持直立时，重力一直都在拉低你的身体。良好的姿势包括训练你的身体，以一种最小压力被放置在肌肉中的方式移动。好的或正确的姿势不是你必须强迫自己的东西，它是你身体的自然方式。调整你的身体，你会立刻感觉到你的积极变化。良好的姿势意味着更少的应变和更多的能量。良好的或正确的姿势是你的身体在正确的姿势，关节和肌肉都在工作，没有不必要的应变。
You may know the rules of proper business etiquette for verbal communication with others, but you should also know how to use your postures to send the right nonverbal messages. Once you understand the particulars of posture etiquette, you can tell others that you are confident, approachable, respectful or attentive.
你可能知道正确的商务礼仪规则与他人的口头交流，但你也应该知道如何使用你的姿势来发送正确的非语言信息。一旦你了解了姿势礼仪的细节，你就可以告诉别人你是自信、平易近人、尊敬或专注的。 Stance
Stance is one of the first things another person will notice about you. Communicate confidence by standing straight and maintaining your space by keeping your feet about 8 inches apart, with one slightly in front of the other. Your stance can also indicate whether you are open to being approached. If you are talking to someone and want to remain approachable, stand with your feet pointed outward rather than forming a rectangle 2 with the other person, and make eye contact with others when they approach.
立场
立场是第一件事情，另一个人会注意到你。保持你的距离，保持你的脚约8英寸分开，有一个稍微在前面的另一个沟通的信心。你的立场也可以表明你是否是开放的接触。如果你和某人说话，要保持平易近人，站在你的脚上，而不是形成一个长方形2与其他人，并使眼睛接触时，他们的方法。
Eyes
Making eye contact is the most obvious way to demonstrate that you are listening to somebody. When you're looking at the other person's face as he is speaking, it shows that you are listening to what he is saying. There is however a subtle difference between looking at somebody and staring at somebody so it's important that you do occasionallymove your eyes. Many business people will say that focusing on the tip of the other person's nose ormouth seems more comfortable than staring right into their eyes if you're engaged in an intense conversation. So, whilst it's acceptable to avert your gaze every now and then to avoid showing aggression, you should look at the person about 60% of the time to show that you're listening to them. Another interesting point is that if a person is talking to you and not looking at you whilst doing so, it can sometimes indicate that they might not be telling you the whole truth or they may be concealing something.
眼睛
做目光接触是最明显的方式表明你正在听某人。当你看着别人的脸，当他在说话时，这说明你正在听他说的话。然而，有一个微妙的区别在看某人和凝视某人，所以这很重要，你做偶尔移动你的眼睛。很多商业人士都会说，如果你从事激烈的谈话，就要把重点放在别人的鼻子或嘴巴上，而不是盯着他们的眼睛看他们的眼睛。所以，虽然这是可以接受的，以避免您的目光，每一个现在，然后以避免出现侵略，你应该看看的人约60%的时间显示，你听他们。另一个有趣的问题是，如果一个人对你说话，而不是在这样做时，它可以显示，他们可能不会告诉你整个真相，或者他们可能会隐瞒一些。
Gestures
Doing one thing may mean another as the case may be. These are the things that we should look out for, as it
can easily give things away about both yourself and the observer. A simple touch of the nose could mean that you/they aren't being truthful.
手势
做一件事可能意味着另一件事可能会被。这是我们应该寻找的东西，因为它可以很容易地把自己和观察者的东西都放在外。一个简单的鼻子接触可能意味着你/他们不是真实的。
A lot of us move our heads when we are talking to get approval from others. If you want to look powerful, then you should try to keep your head movements to a minimum.
How much you show your underbelly (your front) is a way of showing how confident, secure or trusting you are. The less you cover up your und(本文来自：wwW.xIaocAofanwEn.coM 小草 范文 网:国际商务礼仪案例)erbelly with folding arms, crossed legs, raised hands, etc, the more appropriate the qualities may be, Foldingyour arms may look as if you are trying to defend yourself and will look bad to the other person. If you talk to someone who originallyhas folded arms and crossed legs, and perhaps turning away slight, you may like that he is uninterested in and also felling detached from your conversation. If he starts to unfold his arms, uncross his legs, etc., it may be a sign that he is accepting your issue.当我们正在讨论的时候，我们有很多人在谈论我们的头脑，以获得别人的认可。如果你想看起来很强大，那么你应该试着让你的头部运动保持最低限度。 你如何展示你的腹部（前）是一种展现自信、安全或您信任。少了你掩盖你的折叠臂，腹部，双腿交叉，举起双手，等更合适的品质可以折叠你的手臂看起来好像你试图为自己辩护，看坏的人。如果你说话的人原来有双臂和双腿交叉，也许把轻微的，你可能会喜欢，他不感兴趣，也感觉从你的言谈中分离。如果他开始展开双臂，伸直双腿，等，它可能是一个迹象表明他是接受你的问题。
Another gesture that we use is called"mirroring". You may not know it, but we are attracted by those people who are similar to ourselves. A case may be where you are with an employee to discuss an issue and you both take a similar sitting/standing position. The discussion goes well, but if you had taken a different position, it may not have gone as well as it did. This gesture is often used by sales people who sit in a similar position as their customer.
A common gesture is perhaps most annoying. It is known as"displacement activity" and is used to get rid of physical tension in the body. Examples of this may include nail-biting, playfng with hair, chewing gum, and teeth grinding. Grooming gesturesare those things we do to reassure ourselves. This may involve you in perfecting your hair or fiddling with your clothes, We normally do this when we are around people we don't know, and so we groom ourselves to make us look more presentable to lift our confidence.
Finally, our hands are used to emphasize what we say, from pointing and saying "over there", to waving someone away and saying"go away". Hands that are made into a pyramid shape (fingers and thumbs on both hands touching, with palms wide apart) mean power. Jf someone sitting across a desk from you talks to you with the pyramid gesture pointing to you, this will either be your boss, or your future boss! 我们使用的另一个手势叫做“镜像”。你也许不知道，但我们却被那些与我们相似的人所吸引。一个案例可能是你与雇员讨论的问题，你都需要一个类似的坐/站立的位置。讨论进行得很顺利，但是如果你采取了不同的立场，它可能没有那么好的。这种手势通常被销售的人坐在一个类似的位置，因为他们的客户。
一个共同的姿态也许是最令人讨厌的。它被称为“置换活动”，是用来摆脱身体的身体紧张。这样的例子可能包括咬指甲、playfng头发，口香糖，和牙齿磨。
修饰手势是我们做的事情来保证自己的。这可能涉及到你在完善你的衣服你的头发或摆弄，我们通常做的是周围的人我们不知道什么时候，所以我们的新郎自己使我们看起来更像样的提升我们的信心。
最后，我们的手是用来强调我们所说的，从指向和说：“在那里”，向某人挥手说“走”。双手，被制成一个锥形形状（手指和拇指的双手触摸，与手掌宽）平均功率。如果有人坐在桌子上你和你说话的金字塔手势指向你，这是你的老板，或者你未来的老板！
Distance
It's not always easy to gauge."Personal space"is something you need to be aware of. If you're in conversation and get too close to the other person, it may make him think of you as too pushy and, conversely, standing too far away can make you appear stand-offishso you need to try to find a happy medium. Often, this will simply come naturally toyou but if you're unsure, you can often takeyourcuesfrom the otherperson-get too close and he'll step back a little, too far and then usually come towards you. 距离
衡量一个人的空间是你需要知道的。如果你在谈话中，太靠近对方，这会让他觉得你太爱出风头，相反，站得
太远，会使你显得冷漠，你需要找一个快乐的介质。通常，这会很自然地对你来说，但如果你不确定，你可以经常采取你的线索从另一个人离得太近，他会退后一点点，太远，然后通常走向你
Text B
BusinessBodyLanguage(商务体态语言)
Your body language, i. e. Your demeanor', impacts your success. It's vital that you know how to act when you get to a conference. After-hours, meeting or trade show to make the most effective and efficient use of your time... And to attract those people whom you want to do business with and add to your network.
The success of any encounter begins the moment someone lays eyes on you. One of the first things they notice about you is your aura, the distinctive atmosphere that surrounds you. You create it, and you are responsible for what it says about you and whom it attracts, Yourauraenters withyou and starts speaking long beforeyou open your mouth. Since body language conveys more than half of any message in any face-to-face encounter, how you act is vital to your aura.你的肢体语言，即你的风度，影响你的成功。当你去一个会议的时候，你知道如何行动是至关重要的。几小时后，会议或贸易展，使您的时间最有效和高效的使用?并吸引那些你想做生意的人加入到你的网络。 任何相遇的成功都是有人在注视你的时候开始的。他们注意到的第一件事就是你的光环，围绕着你的独特的氛围。你创造了它，你负责它所说的关于你和它吸引的人，你的光环进入你和开始在你张开你的嘴。因为肢体语言在任何面对面地传达了超过一半的信息，你的行为对你的光环至关重要。
Eye Contact
Make it and keep it! Not only does focused eye contact display confidence on your part, it also helps you understand what the other person is really saying verbally.
Looking someone in the eye as you meet and talk with him/her also shows you are paying attention. Listening, is the most important human relations skill, and good eye contact plays a large part in conveying your interest in others. When to look
Begin as soon as you engage someone in a conversation. However, you may wish to start even earlier if you are trying to get someone's attention. Continue it throughout the conversation. Be sure to maintain direct eye contact as you are saying "good-bye."It will help leave a positive, powerful lasting impression.
Where to look
Imagine an inverted triangle in your face with the base of it just above your eyes. The other two sides descend from it and come to a point between your nose and your lips. That's the suggested area to"look at"during business conversations. Socially, the point of thetriangle drops to include the chin and neckareas. When people look you"up and down,"it's probably more than business or a casual social situation they have in mind!
How long to look
I suggest about 80-percent of the time. Less than that can be interpreted as discomfort, evasiveness, lack of confidence or boredom. When you stare longer, it canbe construed as being too direct, dominant or forceful and make the other person uncomfortable. It's okay to glance down occasionally as long as your gaze returns quickly to the other person. Avoid looking overthe other person's shoulders asif youwere seeking out someone more interesting to talk with.
Facial Expression
Smile is an important facial expression. They show interest, excitement, empathy, concern ; they create an upbeat, positive environment. Smiles can, however? be overused. Often, men smile when they are pleased ; women smile to please. You know which is the most powerful! To gain and increase respect, first establish your presence in a room, then smile. It is far more professional than to enter a room giggling or"all smiles."
Your mouth gives clues, too, and notjust when you are speaking. Mouth movements, such as pursing your lips or twisting them to one side usually indicate that you're either thinking deeply about something that's been said to you or you are holding something back.
The position of your head speaks to people. Keeping your head straight, which is not the same as keeping your head on straight, will make you appear self-assured and authoritative. People will take you seriously. Tilt your head to one side if you want to come across as friendly and openly.
How receptive you are is suggested by where you place your arms. Arms crossed or folded over your chest say that you have shut other people out 4 and have no interest in them or what they are saying. This position can also say,"I don't agree with you."You might just be cold, but unless you shiver at the same time, the person in front of you may get the wrong message.
Howyou use your arms can help or hurtyour image as well. Waving them about may show enthusiasm to some, but others see this gesture as one of uncertainty and immaturity. The best place for your arms is by your side. You will look confident and relaxed. If this is hard for you, do what you always do when you want to get better at
something-practice. After a while, it will feel natural.
The angleof yourbodygives an indication to others aboutwhat's going throughyour head. Leaning in says,"Tell me more."Leaning away signals you've heard enough.
Text C
Non-verbalCommunication(非言语交际)
Non-verbal communication is important. It includes eye contact, facial expression, and gestures. North Americans use eye contact in one-to-one conversations, indicating interest and respect. Meanings of body gesture differ by culture. In North America, if a person nods by moving his head up and down, it means "yes". The same gesture in Kuwait is understood as"no".
In Germany and North America, shaking hands at the beginning and the end of a business meeting is important. In addition to a handshake, Germans, bow and maintain strong eye contact when acknowledging associates.
Brazilians, who are religious, emotional, and mystical people, think of the body as the sender of messages. Understanding non-verbal clues is essential to understanding what is being said. Personal space is not emphasized in Brazil. It is common for people engaged in conversation to stand less than a foot apart and it would be considered rude to take a step backwards.
In a Brazilian office people come in and out, and several conversations are carried on at once. People do not take turns speaking. One might interrupt conversation or speak simultaneously. This is not considered inappropriate. Brazilians also tend to linger in silence for long periods of time, a custom that makes Canadians uncomfortable.
The value of talk versus silence in a conversation varies greatly depending on the culture. For instance, in comparison to European and Americans, Asians are much more taciturn, or reluctant to talk. An Asian is more likely to use indirect expression to convey an intended meaning. Silence itself may be a very important message. For the Japanese, the silence between two utterances in a conversation belongs to the previous speaker, who indicates how long the silence should continue. Thelistener should show respect to the previous speaker's wish for silence,especially if the speaker is older or of higher status than the listener.
Unlike verbal communication, non-verbal communication is very unique among cultures. For effective intercultural communication, using approrpiate non-verbal communication is even more critical than just using a fluent foreign language.
III. Read the following article and finish the practice.
Gestures, Eye Contact and Space
Gestures that have positive connotations in one culture may have negative meanings in another. For example, the Vfor victorygesture is positive inthe United States and in many cultures ; in England however, when the palm is facing in the gesture has a crude connotation. The thumbs-up signal is another positive gesture in North America but is rude in Australia and West Africa. Likewise, the OK sign, though positive in the United States, is viewed as obscene in Brazil. In Belgium andFrance, be meaning is “worthless”or“zero ,”while in Japan, the gesture means money. The beckoning gesture (finger upturned, palmfacing the body ; the hand iswaved backand forth) should be used With discretion;it is offensive to Filipinos, Mexicans, and Vietnamese. The gesture is used to summon people considered inferior, such as prostitutes. Because cultures vary widely in their use of gestures, learning a culture's common gestures is recommended before visiting the country. At the very minimum, it is important to know that people of China, England, Japan, Germany, and Switzerland use few gestures, while people of France, Greece, Italy, Spain, as well as
people in Middle Eastern countries and most countries of Central America, are expressive in their gesturing. Watch what gestures the people in the country use, avoid the use of gestures unless the meaning is known.
Eye contact is important in the U. S, and Canadian macro-cultures; eye contact implies attentiveness, respect, truthfulness, and self-confidence. However, a steady, unbroken gaze makes most U. S. people uncomfortable. People of France, Germany, the Middle East, and some Latin Americancountriesfavorprolonged eye contact. On theother hand, people in many Asian countries, specifically China and Japan, are uncomfortable with direct eye contact and tend to direct their gaze just below the other person's chin.Likewise, people in China's Taiwan prefer minimum eye contact and often look away.
Space and touch are two important types of nonverbal communication that are closely related. For example,
U. S. people need their space ; they also prefer to avoid touching, with the exception of shaking hands. Likewise, Canadians and the Dutch value their personal space and do not touch during greetings and conversations. People of Japan and Southeast Asia stand even farther apart than U. S. people and are uncomfortable with touching. On the other hand, people of Latin America, the Middle East, and some Asian countries (e. g., Korea), stand close while talking ; they often touch each other during greetings and conversations. People from cultures that need a lot of space should not step backwhen interacting with peoplefromcultures whopreferto stand close to avoid giving offense.
胜利的姿态是积极的，在美国和在许多文化中；在英国，但是，当手掌面对的手势有一个粗略的内涵。拇指向上的信号是另一个积极的姿态，在美国北部，但在澳大利亚和西非是粗鲁的。同样的，在美国，虽然积极的标志，被认为是在巴西的淫秽。在比利时和法国，意义是“毫无价值”或“零”，而在日本，这一手势意味着金钱。的召唤的姿势（手指上翘，掌心朝身体；手来回挥舞着）应谨慎使用；这是冒犯的菲律宾人，墨西哥人和越南。这种手势被用来召唤人们被认为是低劣的，例如妓女。